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Questions and Answers
What is the primary purpose of identifying areas prone to minimal ash fallout?
What is the characteristic of pyroclastic flow?
What is the expected outcome in areas with heavy ash fallout?
What is the size of the Permanent Danger Zone (PDZ) around Mayon Volcano?
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What type of information does a Multiple Hazard Map contain?
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What is the purpose of a Multiple Hazard Map?
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What is the maximum distance that pyroclastic flow can travel from the crater on the volcano's southeast side?
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Why are areas outside the hazard map still at risk?
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What is the primary purpose of a Lahar Hazard Map?
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How does the land covered in a Lahar Hazard Map compare to those in lava flow and pyroclastic flow hazard maps?
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What is the main difference between a Lava Flow Hazard Map and a Lahar Hazard Map?
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What is the purpose of classifying areas into three categories in a Lahar Hazard Map?
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What is the relationship between the areas affected by a pyroclastic flow and those affected by a lahar?
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What type of information is typically included in a Lava Flow Hazard Map?
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What is the main difference between a lava flow and a pyroclastic flow?
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What is the primary purpose of a pyroclastic flow hazard map?
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What is the primary purpose of an Ashfall Hazard Map?
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What is the main challenge in predicting ashfall?
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What is the significance of towns like Calbayog in relation to volcanic eruptions?
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What is the basis of Ashfall Hazard Maps?
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What is the primary concern for towns located within the Permanent Danger Zone?
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What is the relationship between Ashfall Hazard Maps and disaster risk reduction?
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What is the significance of ashfall in relation to volcanic eruptions?
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What is the purpose of disaster risk reduction efforts in relation to volcanic eruptions?
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Study Notes
Volcanic Hazards
- Pyroclastic flow is a dense, fast-moving flow of solidified lava pieces, volcanic ash, and hot gases.
- Lahar is a hot or cold mixture of water, rock, sand, and mud moving down the flanks of a volcano.
- Ashfall refers to tiny jagged particles of rock and natural glass blasted into the air by a volcano.
Lahar Hazard Map
- It shows all the possible areas that can be affected in case of a volcanic mudflow.
- The land covered in this map is larger than those in lava flow and pyroclastic flow hazard maps.
Lava Flow Hazard Map
- It contains information about lava flow hazard and is more detailed and accurate.
- It contains facts about topography and effect of lava flow on the area.
Evacuation Planning
- Identify areas that should be given priority for immediate evacuation.
- Access possible locations for establishing evacuation centers.
- Plan evacuation routes that ensure maximum safety.
Pyroclastic Flow
- Pyroclastic flow travels very fast and follows the local land features.
- It tends to flow to low-lying areas.
- Heavy ashfall happens near the volcano's crater.
Ashfall Hazard Map
- It shows the areas prone to ashfall.
- It is mostly based on historical accounts and previous eruption records.
Multiple Hazard Map
- It shows multiple hazards at the same time.
- It contains generalized information about the areas expected to be most affected by volcanic hazards.
Fire Hazards
- Combustion refers to high-temperature exothermic redox chemical reaction between a fuel and an oxidant.
- It produces oxidized, often gaseous products, in a mixture termed as smoke.
Non-Conductive Chemicals and Hydrocarbon-Based Materials
- Non-conductive chemicals include paper, glass, rubber, porcelain, and ceramic.
- Hydrocarbon-based materials are compounds comprised exclusively of carbon and hydrogen.
- They are dominant components of crude oil, processed petroleum hydrocarbons (gasoline, diesel, kerosene, fuel oil, and lubricating oil), coal tar, creosote, dyestuff, and pyrolysis waste products.
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Description
This quiz covers volcanic hazards such as pyroclastic flows, lahars, and ash fallout, as well as the use of lahar hazard maps to identify potential areas of risk. Topics include the characteristics of pyroclastic flows, mudflows, and volcanic ash.
