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What are the three most common gases emitted during a volcanic eruption?
What are the three most common gases emitted during a volcanic eruption?
Water vapor ($H_2O$), carbon dioxide ($CO_2$ ), and sulfur dioxide ($SO_2$)
Which of the following are minor gas species emitted during a volcanic eruption?
Which of the following are minor gas species emitted during a volcanic eruption?
Volcanic gases can be harmful to human health.
Volcanic gases can be harmful to human health.
True
What percentage of volcano-related deaths between 1900 and 1986 were directly caused by volcanic gases?
What percentage of volcano-related deaths between 1900 and 1986 were directly caused by volcanic gases?
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What are the sources of volcanic gases?
What are the sources of volcanic gases?
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Substances that can become gaseous when heated are called volatile substances.
Substances that can become gaseous when heated are called volatile substances.
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What is the most abundant volcanic gas, typically comprising more than 60% of total emissions?
What is the most abundant volcanic gas, typically comprising more than 60% of total emissions?
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What is the typical range for carbon dioxide emissions in volcanoes?
What is the typical range for carbon dioxide emissions in volcanoes?
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Volcanoes located at convergent plate boundaries emit more water vapor and chlorine than those located at hot spots or divergent plate boundaries.
Volcanoes located at convergent plate boundaries emit more water vapor and chlorine than those located at hot spots or divergent plate boundaries.
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As magma ascends, the ambient pressure decreases, which increases the solubility of dissolved volatiles.
As magma ascends, the ambient pressure decreases, which increases the solubility of dissolved volatiles.
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Gas bubbles in magma can rise quickly and easily through the magma.
Gas bubbles in magma can rise quickly and easily through the magma.
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The term 'closed system' degassing refers to the case where gas and its parent magma ascend together and in equilibrium with each other.
The term 'closed system' degassing refers to the case where gas and its parent magma ascend together and in equilibrium with each other.
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In 'open system' degassing, the gas leaves its parent magma and rises up through the overlying magma without remaining in equilibrium with that magma.
In 'open system' degassing, the gas leaves its parent magma and rises up through the overlying magma without remaining in equilibrium with that magma.
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The release of volcanic gas from magma may cause rapid movements of the molten rock.
The release of volcanic gas from magma may cause rapid movements of the molten rock.
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The interaction of magma with water is a primary driver of most explosive volcanic eruptions.
The interaction of magma with water is a primary driver of most explosive volcanic eruptions.
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Volcanic gas release only occurs during explosive eruptions.
Volcanic gas release only occurs during explosive eruptions.
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Magmatic gas traveling upward encounters meteoric water in an aquifer, resulting in the production of steam.
Magmatic gas traveling upward encounters meteoric water in an aquifer, resulting in the production of steam.
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Fluid-rock interaction can leach constituents out of cooling magmatic rock, causing volume changes and phase transitions.
Fluid-rock interaction can leach constituents out of cooling magmatic rock, causing volume changes and phase transitions.
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Cooling of hydrothermal fluids causes an increase in the fluid's pH.
Cooling of hydrothermal fluids causes an increase in the fluid's pH.
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What are the structures called that form at the point where supersaturated hydrothermal fluids emit into the cold seawater?
What are the structures called that form at the point where supersaturated hydrothermal fluids emit into the cold seawater?
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Hydrothermal leaching, alteration, and redeposition of minerals in country rock is a significant process over geological time.
Hydrothermal leaching, alteration, and redeposition of minerals in country rock is a significant process over geological time.
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Non-explosive volcanic gas release can occur by advection through fractures or via diffuse degassing.
Non-explosive volcanic gas release can occur by advection through fractures or via diffuse degassing.
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Fumaroles are low-temperature sites of cold degassing, typically with sulfur and rare minerals present.
Fumaroles are low-temperature sites of cold degassing, typically with sulfur and rare minerals present.
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Mofettes are sites of predominantly carbon dioxide degassing.
Mofettes are sites of predominantly carbon dioxide degassing.
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Volcanic gas emissions to the atmosphere can be categorized as eruptive or non-eruptive.
Volcanic gas emissions to the atmosphere can be categorized as eruptive or non-eruptive.
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Most studies have focused on the emissions of carbon dioxide and sulfur dioxide from volcanoes.
Most studies have focused on the emissions of carbon dioxide and sulfur dioxide from volcanoes.
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Passive degassing contributes significantly more to total sulfur dioxide emissions than volcanic eruptions.
Passive degassing contributes significantly more to total sulfur dioxide emissions than volcanic eruptions.
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The 1991 eruption of Mount Pinatubo released a total of 18 ± 4 Tg of sulfur dioxide, representing a large eruption.
The 1991 eruption of Mount Pinatubo released a total of 18 ± 4 Tg of sulfur dioxide, representing a large eruption.
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VEI 6 eruptions, such as that of Mount Pinatubo, are very common and occur on a regular basis.
VEI 6 eruptions, such as that of Mount Pinatubo, are very common and occur on a regular basis.
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The 2010 eruptions of Eyjafjallajökull in Iceland were a VEI 4 event.
The 2010 eruptions of Eyjafjallajökull in Iceland were a VEI 4 event.
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Human burning of fossil fuels and cement production contribute to significant carbon dioxide emissions.
Human burning of fossil fuels and cement production contribute to significant carbon dioxide emissions.
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Recent volcanic carbon dioxide emissions estimates have been consistently lower than those reported by Fischer et. al (2019).
Recent volcanic carbon dioxide emissions estimates have been consistently lower than those reported by Fischer et. al (2019).
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Diffuse CO2 emissions from volcanic regions are not taken into account in most volcanic emissions estimates.
Diffuse CO2 emissions from volcanic regions are not taken into account in most volcanic emissions estimates.
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The composition of volcanic gases is constant and unchanging across all volcanoes.
The composition of volcanic gases is constant and unchanging across all volcanoes.
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Changes in the composition of volcanic gases can often provide early warning signs of volcanic activity.
Changes in the composition of volcanic gases can often provide early warning signs of volcanic activity.
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Volcanic gas sensing can be conducted both inside and outside the gas by using various instruments.
Volcanic gas sensing can be conducted both inside and outside the gas by using various instruments.
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Sulfur dioxide (SO2) is a poor target for volcanic gas monitoring due to its high background concentrations in the atmosphere.
Sulfur dioxide (SO2) is a poor target for volcanic gas monitoring due to its high background concentrations in the atmosphere.
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Which of the following methods are used for direct sampling of volcanic gas?
Which of the following methods are used for direct sampling of volcanic gas?
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Analytical techniques for gas samples include gas chromatography, mass spectrometry, and wet chemical methods.
Analytical techniques for gas samples include gas chromatography, mass spectrometry, and wet chemical methods.
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Monitoring volcanic gas composition is a valuable tool for predicting volcanic unrest.
Monitoring volcanic gas composition is a valuable tool for predicting volcanic unrest.
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The Deep Earth Carbon Degassing Project is using traditional, ground-based methods to monitor volcanic gas emissions.
The Deep Earth Carbon Degassing Project is using traditional, ground-based methods to monitor volcanic gas emissions.
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Acidic corrosion, asphyxiation, and the formation of aerosols are all potential dangers associated with volcanic gases.
Acidic corrosion, asphyxiation, and the formation of aerosols are all potential dangers associated with volcanic gases.
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Volcanic gases were responsible for a significant percentage (around 40%) of volcano-related deaths between 1900 and 1986.
Volcanic gases were responsible for a significant percentage (around 40%) of volcano-related deaths between 1900 and 1986.
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Study Notes
Volcanic Gases
- Ninety-nine percent of volcanic gases are water vapor (H₂O), carbon dioxide (CO₂), and sulfur dioxide (SO₂).
- Remaining one percent includes hydrogen sulfide, carbon monoxide, hydrogen chloride, hydrogen fluoride, and other minor gases.
Volcanic Gas Effects on People
- Inhaling volcanic gases and ash can be harmful.
- High concentrations can cause mild symptoms (eye irritation) and severe symptoms (difficulty breathing, death).
- Volcanic gases were directly responsible for approximately 3% of all volcano-related deaths between 1900 and 1986.
- Some gases cause acidic corrosion or asphyxiation.
- Some gases react with atmospheric particles to form aerosols.
Sources of Volcanic Gases
- Primordial and recycled constituents from the Earth's mantle
- Assimilated constituents from the Earth's crust
- Groundwater and the Earth's atmosphere
- Gases trapped in cavities (vesicles) in volcanic rocks
- Dissolved or dissociated gases in magma and lava
- Gases emanating from lava, volcanic craters, or vents
- Gases emitted through groundwater heated by volcanic action
Volatile Substances
- Substances that turn into gases or give off gases when heated.
Volcanic Gas Composition
- Water vapor (H₂O), carbon dioxide (CO₂), sulfur dioxide (SO₂), hydrogen sulfide (H₂S), nitrogen, argon, helium, neon, methane, carbon monoxide, hydrogen, oxygen, hydrogen chloride, hydrogen fluoride, etc. (page 2 has additional details)
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Description
Explore the various types of volcanic gases and their impact on human health. This quiz covers the composition, sources, and the harmful effects of inhaling volcanic gases. Understand the risks associated with volcanic eruptions and their contribution to fatalities.
