Vocabulary Building: Word Formation, Synonyms, and Antonyms

Word formation:
- Prefixes: attach to beginning of words to change meaning (e.g., un-, re-, de-)
- Suffixes: attach to end of words to change meaning (e.g., -ful, -less, -ly)
- Compounding: combining two words to create a new word (e.g., bookshelf, toothbrush)
Synonyms and Antonyms:
- Synonyms: words with similar meanings (e.g., happy: joyful, cheerful, delighted)
- Antonyms: words with opposite meanings (e.g., hot: cold, big: small)
Homophones and Homographs:
- Homophones: words pronounced the same but with different meanings (e.g., to/too/two)
- Homographs: words spelled the same but with different meanings (e.g., bank: financial institution vs. riverbank)

Parts of Speech:
- Nouns: person, place, thing, idea (e.g., dog, city, happiness)
- Verbs: action or state of being (e.g., run, be, have)
- Adjectives: modify nouns or pronouns (e.g., big, happy, blue)
- Adverbs: modify verbs, adjectives, or other adverbs (e.g., quickly, very, well)
- Pronouns: replace nouns in a sentence (e.g., he, she, it, they)
- Prepositions: show relationship between words (e.g., in, on, at, with)
- Conjunctions: connect words, phrases, or clauses (e.g., and, but, or)
- Interjections: express emotion (e.g., oh, wow, ouch)
Sentence Structure:
- Simple sentences: one independent clause (e.g., I like coffee.)
- Compound sentences: two or more independent clauses joined by a conjunction (e.g., I like coffee, and I drink it every morning.)
- Complex sentences: one independent clause and one or more dependent clauses (e.g., When I wake up, I drink coffee.)
- Compound-complex sentences: multiple independent clauses and one or more dependent clauses (e.g., I like coffee, and when I wake up, I drink it.)

Poetic Devices:
- Imagery: language that appeals to the senses (e.g., "The golden sun sets slowly in the sky.")
- Metaphor: comparison between two unlike things (e.g., "He is a lion on the battlefield.")
- Simile: comparison between two unlike things using "like" or "as" (e.g., "He runs like a cheetah.")
- Alliteration: repetition of initial consonant sounds (e.g., "She sells seashells by the seashore.")
Poetic Forms:
- Sonnet: 14-line poem, usually in iambic pentameter, with a specific rhyme scheme
- Haiku: three-line poem with a syllable count of 5-7-5, traditionally featuring nature imagery
- Free Verse: poem without a regular rhyme or meter, often with a more conversational tone

Word formation involves adding prefixes, suffixes, and compounding to change word meanings
Prefixes attach to the beginning of words to change their meaning, e.g., un-, re-, de-
Suffixes attach to the end of words to change their meaning, e.g., -ful, -less, -ly
Compounding involves combining two words to create a new word, e.g., bookshelf, toothbrush
Synonyms are words with similar meanings, e.g., happy: joyful, cheerful, delighted
Antonyms are words with opposite meanings, e.g., hot: cold, big: small
Homophones are words pronounced the same but with different meanings, e.g., to/too/two
Homographs are words spelled the same but with different meanings, e.g., bank: financial institution vs. riverbank

Nouns are words that refer to a person, place, thing, or idea, e.g., dog, city, happiness
Verbs are words that express action or a state of being, e.g., run, be, have
Adjectives are words that modify nouns or pronouns, e.g., big, happy, blue
Adverbs are words that modify verbs, adjectives, or other adverbs, e.g., quickly, very, well
Pronouns are words that replace nouns in a sentence, e.g., he, she, it, they
Prepositions are words that show the relationship between words, e.g., in, on, at, with
Conjunctions are words that connect words, phrases, or clauses, e.g., and, but, or
Interjections are words that express emotion, e.g., oh, wow, ouch
Sentence structure can be simple, compound, complex, or compound-complex
Simple sentences have one independent clause, e.g., I like coffee.
Compound sentences have two or more independent clauses joined by a conjunction, e.g., I like coffee, and I drink it every morning.
Complex sentences have one independent clause and one or more dependent clauses, e.g., When I wake up, I drink coffee.
Compound-complex sentences have multiple independent clauses and one or more dependent clauses, e.g., I like coffee, and when I wake up, I drink it.

Poetic devices are used to create vivid imagery and convey meaning
Imagery is language that appeals to the senses, e.g., "The golden sun sets slowly in the sky."
Metaphor is a comparison between two unlike things, e.g., "He is a lion on the battlefield."
Simile is a comparison between two unlike things using "like" or "as," e.g., "He runs like a cheetah."
Alliteration is the repetition of initial consonant sounds, e.g., "She sells seashells by the seashore."
Poetic forms can include sonnets, haikus, and free verse
Sonnets are 14-line poems, usually in iambic pentameter, with a specific rhyme scheme
Haikus are three-line poems with a syllable count of 5-7-5, traditionally featuring nature imagery
Free verse is a poem without a regular rhyme or meter, often with a more conversational tone