Vocabulary Building

• Ever-expanding describes something constantly growing or becoming more widespread.
• Readily means easily, without hesitation or difficulty.
• Cultural flows refer to the movement of cultural ideas, practices, and products between entities.
• Transmitted means passed or sent from one entity to another.
• Unilateral involves only one side or party.
• To contend means to struggle or argue for something.
• Predominantly means mostly or mainly.
• To impose means to force something to be accepted.
• To exert means to make a great effort.
• Proponents are people who support something.
• Coffee outlets are places where coffee is sold.
• Forego means to give up on something voluntarily.
• Ultimately means in the end or final result.
• Hegemony is the dominance of one entity over others.
• Company entities are business organizations or corporations.
• Landscapes of something are the general conditions of a particular field or environment.
• Occurs means happens or takes place.
• On cloud nine means being extremely happy or euphoric.
• To feel like you're walking on air means to feel extremely happy or lighthearted.
• Ecstatic means very happy or excited.
• Copycat refers to someone who imitates others
• To creep into means to slowly or subtly begin to be present.
• Milieu is the social environment or setting.
• To contemplate (on) means to think deeply about something.
• Alter means to change or modify.
• Dimension is a measurable extent of something.
• Artisanship is skill in a particular craft.
• Verge means the edge or border of something.
• To pose a threat to means to be a potential danger or risk.
• To lose its dominance means to no longer be in a leading position.
• To benefit from means to gain an advantage.
• To foster inclusion means to encourage diversity and acceptance.
• To tailor to means to adapt something to fit specific needs.
• To be embedded in means to be deeply ingrained in something.
• To provide a platform for means to create opportunities for something to succeed.
• To be at risk of means to be in danger of something negative happening.
• To adapt to change means to adjust to new circumstances.
• To abandon traditions means to stop following cultural customs.
• To call out means to publicly criticize someone.
• Cherry picking means selectively choosing favorable facts.
• Reminiscent means bringing memories of something similar.
• Garment is an article of clothing.
• Insult is a disrespectful remark or action.
• Merely means just, only, simply.
• Backlash is a strong negative reaction.
• Consent is permission for something to happen.

Words That Can Offend

• Razor blade, bullet, thorns, arrow, temple, and chamber are all words that can cause offense in certain contexts.
• Rape somebody means to force someone to have sex against their will.

Cultural Globalization

• Cultural globalization is the transmission of ideas and values from one culture to another.
• Interconnected means having multiple links or relationships between things.
• Global village describes the interconnectedness of the world due to technology.
• Homogenization is the process of making things uniform.
• Homogeneous describes things that are alike or similar.
• To Americanize means to make something more American.
• The terms Americanized and Americanization relate to adopting American characteristics or culture.

Describing Personality

• Thrifty means using money carefully.
• Generous means willing to give more than expected.
• Penny-pinching means unwilling to spend money.
• Tight-fisted means not willing to spend money; miserly.
• Extravagant means spending more than necessary.
• Mean describes unwillingness to give or share.
• Hospitable means welcoming to guests.
• Economical means using resources wisely.
• Greedy means having an excessive desire for wealth.
• Prodigal means spending money recklessly.
• Hard-working describes diligence and effort.
• Industrious means showing hard work and perseverance.
• Diligent means careful and persistent in work.
• Disciplined means showing self-control and organization.
• Organized means arranged efficiently.
• Disorganized means lacking order.
• Conscientious means wishing to do work thoroughly.
• Inflexible means unwilling to change.
• Careless means not paying enough attention.
• Tidy means neat and well-arranged.
• Dependable means trustworthy and reliable.
• Aggressive means forceful and determined.
• Bad-tempered means easily angered.
• Even-tempered means calm and not easily angered.
• Level-headed means sensible and calm in decisions.
• Impulsive means acting without thinking.
• Irritable means easily annoyed.
• Energetic means having a lot of energy.
• Slow means not fast; taking time to understand.
• Talkative means liking to talk a lot.
• Cheerful means happy and optimistic.
• Reserved means not openly expressing emotions.
• Affectionate means showing love and care.
• Passionate means having strong emotions.
• Shy means feeling nervous around others.
• Ordinary means not unusual or special.
• Regular means occurring frequently; standard.
• Eccentric means behaving unusually.
• Extraordinary means remarkable.
• Trustworthy means able to be relied on.
• Loyal/Faithful means being devoted and trustworthy.
• Obstinate means stubbornly refusing to change.
• Obedient means willing to comply with requests.
• Boastful means talking about oneself too much.
• Cheeky means showing a lack of respect but amusingly.
• Sociable means enjoying the company of others.
• Rude means not polite; offensive.
• Sensitive means easily affected by emotions.
• Tactless means not showing concern for others' feelings.
• Proud means feeling satisfaction in achievements.
• Jealous means feeling resentment towards someone else's success.
• Stubborn means refusing to change one's opinion.
• Decent means morally good or acceptable.
• Sincere/Insincere means genuine or fake in expressing feelings.
• Cunning means clever at deceiving others.
• Possessive means demanding total attention.
• Envious means desiring what someone else has.
• Hostile means unfriendly or aggressive.
• Easy-going means relaxed and not easily upset.
• Outgoing means sociable and friendly.
• Assertive means confident in stating one's opinions.
• Clingy means overly attached to someone emotionally.
• Pretentious means trying to appear more important than one is.
• Big-headed means having an exaggerated sense of self-importance.
• Self-conscious means shy or easily embarrassed.
• Selfish means thinking only of oneself.
• Self-centered means focused only on oneself.
• Cowardly means lacking courage.
• Brave means showing courage.
• Courageous means showing bravery.
• Reckless means acting without thinking about consequences.
• Timid means lacking confidence.
• Intelligent means having a high level of mental ability.
• Bright means quick to understand things.
• Clever means quick to learn and understand.
• Sensible means showing good judgment.
• Witty means showing quick humor.
• Dull means lacking interest or intelligence.
• Absent-minded means forgetful or inattentive.
• Agile means quick in movement or thought.
• Foolish means lacking good sense.
• Ignorant means lacking knowledge.
• Narrow-minded means unwilling to accept new ideas.
• Mischievous means causing trouble playfully.
• Argumentative means prone to arguing.
• Temperamental/Moody means having frequent changes in mood.
• Arrogant means having an exaggerated sense of importance.
• Grumpy means easily annoyed.
• Touchy means easily offended.
• Humble means modest and not boastful.
• Pushy means forceful in trying to get what one wants.
• Ruthless means showing no compassion.
• Well-mannered means polite.
• Bad-mannered means rude.
• Straightforward means honest in communication.
• Gregarious means enjoying being in groups.
• Nerve-wracking means making someone feel nervous.
• Reflective means thoughtful and considering things deeply.
• Indifferent means not caring or having no strong opinions.
• Thick-skinned means not easily upset by criticism.
• Two-faced means insincere and deceitful.
• Warm-hearted means kind and compassionate.
• Keep oneself to oneself means to avoid socializing too much.
• Have a chip on one’s shoulder means to be easily offended.
• Rub people up the wrong way means to irritate others unintentionally.
• Speak one’s mind means to express opinions openly.
• Be generous to a fault means to be excessively generous.
• Fiery temper means a tendency to become angry easily.
• Comprehension means understanding of something.
• Bias means an unfair preference or prejudice.
• Traits are distinguishing qualities or characteristics.
• To encompass means to include something completely.
• Saint’s head represents a halo, symbolizing holiness.
• To hover over means to stay in one place in the air.
• Jurors are members of a jury in a court case.
• Vain means excessively proud of one's appearance.
• Counterparts are people or things that have similar roles.
• To endorse means to publicly support something.
• To affirm somebody means to express support for someone.
• Words of acceptance mean expressions of agreement or approval.
• Shoestring budget means a very small amount of money.
• A buzzword is a trendy term.
• To make something stand out means to make something noticeable.
• To give a pitch/ to pitch means to present an idea.
• Recall is a situation where a product is removed from sale.
• To go out of your way means to make extra effort.
• Subliminally means below conscious awareness.
• Hip means trendy or fashionable.
• To wreak havoc on means to cause great damage.
• Affiliation is a connection with a group.
• To deepen means to make something more intense.
• MRI is a medical imaging technique.
• Reverse empathy means feeling positivity for something experiencing negativity.
• The kicker is an unexpected element.
• Implications are the possible consequences of an action.
• To step in means to intervene in a situation.
• Solitude is the state of being alone.
• Credentials are qualifications or achievements.
• Unsolicited means not asked for.
• Legitimate means lawful or valid.

Scams

• Phishing is a scam to steal information through fraudulent emails.
• Vishing is a scam to trick people over the phone.
• Romance scam involves pretending to be romantically interested.
• Tech support scam involves fraudsters posing as tech support.
• Lottery or prize scam promises fake winnings.
• Charity scam involves fraudsters pretending to represent a charity.
• Investment scam offers high returns with little risk.
• Online shopping scam involves fake online stores.
• Employment scam involves fraudulent job offers.
• Bank transfer scam tricks victims into transferring money.
• To wire somebody the money, means to send money electronically.
• To browse through means to casually look through something.
• Processing fee is a charge for handling a transaction.
• A pop-up is a small window appearing suddenly on a screen.