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Questions and Answers
What aspect does the hand breathing technique primarily focus on?
Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of imagery?
What is the relationship between breathing patterns and emotional states?
What is indicated by the term 'self-confidence'?
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How does biofeedback assist individuals?
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Which of the following best describes intrinsic motivation?
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What are the five senses utilized in imagery?
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What does the term 'yips' refer to in sports context?
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What is trait anxiety characterized by?
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Which factors contribute to participant motivation?
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What does high state anxiety typically result in?
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What defines cooperative means-competitive ends in sports?
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Which type of communication involves at least two people in a meaningful exchange?
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What role does visualization play in an athlete's performance?
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What does positive reinforcement involve in a coaching context?
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What is the primary cause of receiver failures in communication?
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Study Notes
Teaching and Consultation
- Teaching integrates research and offers consultation in kinesiology.
Fields of Study
- Kinesiology encompasses diverse disciplines related to human movement.
Trait Anxiety
- Personality disposition that leads individuals to perceive non-threatening situations as threats, causing excessive anxiety.
Perfectionism
- Characterized by setting unrealistically high performance standards and a tendency to be overly critical of performance evaluations.
Pressure Sources
- Pressure can come from coaches, parents, self, or the fear of making mistakes.
Participant Motivation
- Interaction between personal and situational factors shapes motivation.
Situational Factors
- Influences on motivation include coaching style, facility appeal, and team performance.
Interactionality of Motivation
- Motivated behavior arises from the interplay between participant and situational factors.
State Anxiety
- Emotional state marked by apprehension and tension, with autonomic nervous system activation.
Arousal
- Physiological and psychological activation that varies in intensity.
Anxiety and Confidence
- High levels of state anxiety correlate with low self-confidence.
Cooperation
- Performance is judged by collective achievements within a group context.
Cooperative Means-Competitive Ends
- Team sports like soccer and basketball exemplify this concept.
Achieving Flow
- Mindfulness techniques can help achieve a state of flow during performance.
Positive Reinforcement
- Reinforcement techniques include nonverbal expressions like smiles or physical gestures.
Communication Techniques
- Effective coaching blends positive and negative feedback; clarity is essential.
Sender Failures
- Poor message transmission due to ambiguity and inconsistency.
Receiver Failures
- Misinterpretation stemming from inadequate listening.
Interpersonal Communication
- Requires at least two participants engaging in meaningful exchanges.
Nonverbal Communication
- Comprises cues like posture, gestures, and voice inflections.
Intrapersonal Communication
- Internal dialogue or self-talk influencing motivation and behavior.
Visualization
- A conscious practice for awareness of one's arousal state.
Hand Breathing Technique
- Combines imagery with deep nasal breathing to regulate arousal levels.
Biofeedback
- Increases awareness of the autonomic nervous system for better control of physiological responses.
Breath Control
- Shallow breathing under pressure shifts to deep, smooth breathing when calm.
Body Feedback
- Involves monitoring brain waves and using biofeedback techniques.
Task Stressor
- Any factor—physical, cognitive, or emotional—related to a task that challenges the body.
Characteristics of Imagery
- Identified by modality, perspective, angle, agency, and deliberation.
Task Nature and Imagery
- Effectiveness of imagery is influenced by the task type, skill level, and imagery ability.
Theories of Imagery
- Includes psychoneuromuscular, symbolic learning, bioinformational, triple code model, and psychological explanations.
Controllability
- Refers to the ability to control the execution of imagery.
Confidence Improvement
- Enhanced through coaching, performance experience, and positive reinforcement.
State Self-Confidence
- Momentary belief in one’s capacity to succeed.
General Self-Confidence
- Overall belief in the ability to perform tasks.
Four-Minute Mile Example
- Historical achievement shows how confidence can translate into improved performance.
Improved Confidence Techniques
- Attained through physical training, practice, and imagery.
Five Senses in Imagery
- Engaging visual, kinesthetic, auditory, tactile, and olfactory senses enhances imagery.
Yips
- A psychoneuromuscular condition resulting in involuntary movements during high-pressure moments.
Communication Styles
- Includes competing, collaborating, and compromising approaches.
Intrinsic Motivation
- Driven by internal satisfaction and a sense of accomplishment.
Extrinsic Motivation
- Influenced by external rewards or pressures, such as recognition or fear of negative outcomes.
Personality Test Feedback
- Should be administered only by qualified individuals knowledgeable in test principles.
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