SPARTAN QUIZ SHOW

Quantum Mechanics

• Describes particle behavior on atomic and subatomic scales.
• Accounts for superposition, entanglement, and wave-particle duality.
• Particles can exist in multiple states simultaneously.

Electromagnetic Induction

• A changing magnetic field induces an electric current in a conductor.
• Basis for transformers, electric generators, and modern electrical devices.
• Discovered by Michael Faraday.

Special Relativity

• Proposed by Albert Einstein.
• Describes the relationship between space and time for objects moving at constant speeds close to the speed of light.
• Introduces time dilation, length contraction, and mass-energy equivalence (E=mc²).

Gibbs Free Energy

• Predicts whether a chemical reaction will occur spontaneously.
• A negative value indicates a spontaneous process.
• A positive value means the reaction is nonspontaneous unless energy is supplied.

Stability

• The tendency of a system to return to equilibrium after a small disturbance, often described in terms of oscillations and wave mechanics.

Buoyancy

• Upward force exerted by a fluid that opposes the weight of an object submerged in it.
• Governed by Archimedes’ Principle.
• Determines whether an object will float or sink based on its density relative to the fluid.

Activation Energy

• Minimum energy required for reactants to undergo a chemical transformation.
• Determines reaction speed and feasibility.
• Can be lowered by catalysts, increasing reaction efficiency.

Diffusion

• Spontaneous movement of molecules from an area of higher concentration to lower concentration due to random motion.

Covalent Bond

• A type of chemical bond formed when two atoms share electron pairs, creating stable molecular structures.
• Fundamental to organic and inorganic chemistry.
• Influences molecular geometry and reactivity.

Plasma

• A state of matter in which gas is ionized.
• Consists of free-moving electrons and ions.
• Occurs in stars, lightning, and plasma TVs.

Osmosis

• Movement of water molecules across a semipermeable membrane.
• Movement from a region of lower solute concentration to a region of higher solute concentration.

Isotope

• Atoms of the same element that have the same number of protons.
• Variations can have different nuclear stabilities.
• Used in radiometric dating and medical imaging.

Newton's Third Law

• States that for every action, there is an equal and opposite reaction.
• Explains how propulsion, walking, and rocket launches function.

Doppler Effect

• Change in frequency or wavelength of a wave relative to an observer moving toward or away from the wave source.
• Explains why a siren sounds different when approaching or receding.

Black Hole

• A region in space with strong gravitational forces.
• Nothing, not even light, can escape.
• Results from the collapse of massive stars and warp space-time around them.

Thermodynamics

• The branch of physics dealing with heat, energy, and work.
• Includes the laws governing energy conservation and transfer.
• Essential in engines, refrigeration, and climate studies.

Polymerization

• A chemical process in which small molecules called monomers combine to form larger, repeating molecular structures.
• Used to create plastics, rubbers, and synthetic fibers.

Dark Matter

• Unknown and invisible form of matter.
• It does not emit light or energy but is believed to make up most of the universe’s mass.
• Presence is inferred from gravitational effects on galaxies.

Half-Life

• The time required for half of a radioactive substance to decay into a more stable form.
• Used in carbon dating, nuclear medicine, and radioactive waste management.

Ionization Energy

• The amount of energy required to remove an electron from an atom or ion in its gaseous state.
• Influences an element’s reactivity.
• Lower ionization energy leads to higher chemical activity, especially in metals.

Le Chatelier’s Principle

• States that when a system at equilibrium experiences a change in concentration, temperature, or pressure, it will shift in a direction that counteracts the disturbance.
• Explains chemical reaction adjustments in industry and nature.

Ohm’s Law

• The current through a conductor is directly proportional to voltage.
• Inversely proportional to resistance.
• Crucial in electrical circuit analysis.

Redshift

• The increase in wavelength of light from objects moving away from an observer.
• Key evidence for the expanding universe and Big Bang theory.

Photosynthesis

• Biochemical process in which plants, algae, and some bacteria convert light energy into chemical energy, producing oxygen and glucose

Capacitor

• An electrical component that stores energy in an electric field between two conductors separated by an insulator.
• Widely used in electronic circuits to filter signals, store energy, and stabilize power supply fluctuations.

Fermentation

• A metabolic process in which microorganisms break down carbohydrates anaerobically to produce energy.
• Crucial in food production, biofuel generation, and cellular respiration.

Ion Exchange

• A chemical process where ions in a solution are swapped with ions of a similar charge on a solid medium.
• Widely used in water purification, softening hard water, and in the separation of radioactive isotopes.

Cytokinesis

• The final stage of cell division where the cytoplasm splits, resulting in two daughter cells.
• Ensures that each new cell receives the necessary cellular components to function properly.

Dopamine

• A neurotransmitter that plays a key role in the brain's reward system, motor control, and mood regulation.
• Imbalances in dopamine levels are associated with conditions like Parkinson’s disease & Schizophrenia.

Bioluminescence

• The production and emission of light by living organisms due to biochemical reactions.
• Seen in deep-sea creatures, fireflies, and some fungi.

Antibody

• A protein produced by the immune system that identifies and neutralizes foreign substances such as bacteria and viruses.
• Essential for adaptive immunity and are used in medical diagnostics and treatments.

Alloy

• A mixture of two or more elements.
• At least one element is a metal.
• Improves mechanical properties such as strength and corrosion resistance.

Torque

• A measure of the force that causes an object to rotate around an axis.

CRISPR

• Gene-editing technology that allows scientists to modify DNA sequences with precision.
• Used in genetic research, medical treatments, and potential disease eradication.

Valence Electrons

• Outermost electrons of an atom that determine its chemical reactivity and bonding behavior.
• Participate in forming covalent, ionic, and metallic bonds.

Nanotechnology

• The science of manipulating matter at the molecular and atomic scale.
• Creates materials and devices with unique properties.

Specific Heat Capacity

• The amount of heat energy required to raise the temperature of one gram of a substance by one degree Celsius.
• Determines how substances absorb and release heat in different environments.

Circuit Breaker

• A safety device in electrical systems that automatically stops the flow of electricity when an overload or short circuit occurs.
• Prevents damage to electrical appliances and reduces fire hazards.

Cloning

• The process of creating genetically identical copies of a biological organism or cell.
• Has applications in medicine, agriculture, and biotechnology.

Seismic Waves

• Waves of energy that travel through the Earth as a result of earthquakes or volcanic activity.
• Help scientists study Earth's interior and predict geological events.

Cybersecurity

• The practice of protecting computer systems, networks, and data from cyber threats such as hacking, malware, and unauthorized access.
• A critical field in modern digital infrastructure.

Artificial Intelligence (AI)

• Development of computer systems capable of performing tasks that require human intelligence.
• Used in automation, robotics, and data analysis.

Thermistor

• A type of resistor whose resistance changes with temperature.
• Useful for temperature sensing and control in electronic devices.
• Found in thermostats and circuit protection applications.

Cloud Computing

• Technology that enables remote storage, processing, and management of data and applications over the internet.
• Provides scalable resources and supports industries such as finance, healthcare, and entertainment.

Superfluidity

• A quantum mechanical phase of matter in which a fluid flows with zero viscosity.
• Observed in liquid helium at extremely low temperatures.

Neuroplasticity

• Brain's ability to reorganize and form new neural connections in response to learning, injury, or environmental changes.
• Fundamental to cognitive development and recovery from brain damage.

Microgravity

• A condition experienced in space where objects appear to be weightless due to free fall.

Boolean Logic

• A form of algebra used in computing and digital circuit design that operates on binary values (true/false, 1/0)
• The foundation of modern programming and electronic systems.

Epigenetics

• The study of heritable changes in gene expression that do not involve alterations to the DNA sequence.
• Environmental factors such as diet and stress can influence these modifications.

Kinetic Energy

• The energy an object possesses due to its motion.
• Directly proportional to its mass and the square of its velocity.
• Fundamental in physics, engineering & biomechanics.

Blockchain

• A decentralized, distributed ledger technology.
• Records transactions securely and transparently using cryptographic techniques.
• Widely used in cryptocurrencies, supply chain management, and secure data sharing.

Hertz (Hz)

• The unit of frequency.
• Measures the number of cycles per second in a periodic wave.
• Used to describe sound waves, radio signals, and alternating current.

Refraction

• The bending of light or other waves as they pass from one medium to another with different densities.
• Explains phenomena such as the dispersion of light in prisms and mirages.

Cybernetics

• The interdisciplinary study of communication and control in living organisms, machines, and complex systems.
• Has applications in robotics, artificial intelligence, and biological systems modeling.

Fossilization

• The process by which organic material is preserved as a fossil through mineralization or other geological processes.
• Provides valuable insights into ancient life forms and Earth's history.

Isomerism

• Phenomenon where compounds have the same molecular formula but different structural arrangements.

Turbulence

• Chaotic and irregular fluid flow characterized by rapid changes in pressure and velocity.
• Key concept in aerodynamics, meteorology, and fluid mechanics.

Transistor

• A semiconductor device that amplifies or switches electronic signals.
• The foundation of modern computing and telecommunications.

Quasar

• A highly energetic and distant astronomical object powered by a supermassive black hole at its center.
• Emits intense radiation and provides insights into the early universe.

Virus

• A microscopic infectious agent that replicates only inside living host cells, often causing diseases.
• Some viruses integrate into host genomes, influencing evolution.

Bioprinting

• Technology that uses 3D printing techniques to create biological tissues and organs by layering living cells.
• Holds promise for regenerative medicine and organ transplantation.

Permeability

• A material's ability to allow fluids or gases to pass through it.
• Crucial in geology, soil science, and membrane technology.

Radioactivity

• Spontaneous emission of particles or energy from an unstable atomic nucleus.
• Utilized in nuclear energy, medical imaging, and radiometric dating.

Electric Field

• A region around a charged particle or object where an electric force is exerted on other charged particles.

Photon

• A fundamental particle of light that exhibits both wave and particle properties.
• Carries electromagnetic energy and is responsible for phenomena such as reflection, refraction, and photoelectric effects.

Entropy

• A measure of the disorder or randomness in a system, central to the second law of thermodynamics.
• Determines the direction of spontaneous processes and energy dispersal.

Catalysis

• A process in which a substance (catalyst) speeds up a chemical reaction without being consumed.
• Concept is vital in industrial production, biochemistry, and environmental science.

Plasmid

• A small, circular DNA molecule found in bacteria and some eukaryotic cells, often carrying genes for antibiotic resistance.
• Widely used in genetic engineering and molecular biology research.

Oscillation

• Repetitive motion or fluctuation around an equilibrium point, seen in pendulums, sound waves, and electrical circuits.
• Crucial in physics, engineering, and signal processing.

Terraforming

• The hypothetical process of modifying a planet’s environment to make it habitable for human life.
• Involves altering atmospheric, temperature, and ecological conditions.

Covalent Bond

• A chemical bond formed by the sharing of electron pairs between atoms, creating stable molecules.
• Essential in organic chemistry and biological macromolecules.

Doppler Effect

• A change in the frequency or wavelength of a wave as the source and observer move relative to each other.
• Explains redshift in astronomy and is used in radar and medical imaging.

Oxidation

• A chemical reaction involving the loss of electrons, often accompanied by the gain of oxygen.
• Central to metabolism, combustion, and corrosion.

Augmented Reality (AR)

• A technology that overlays digital information, such as images and sounds, onto the real world in real time.
• Used in gaming, medical training, and industrial applications.

Polymerization

• A chemical reaction in which small molecules (monomers) link together to form larger chains (polymers).
• Fundamental in producing plastics, rubber, and biomolecules.

Electronegativity

• A measure of an atom’s ability to attract and hold electrons in a chemical bond.
• Determines bond polarity and molecular interactions.

Homeostasis

• The ability of an organism or system to maintain stable internal conditions despite external changes.
• Regulation is critical for survival in biological and ecological systems.

Holography

• A technique that creates three-dimensional images using the interference and diffraction of laser light.
• Applications in data storage, medical imaging, and entertainment.

Semiconductor

• A material with electrical conductivity between that of a conductor and an insulator.
• Silicon is the most common example in transistors and microchips.

Tectonic Plates

• Large, rigid sections of Earth's lithosphere that move due to mantle convection.
• Their interactions cause earthquakes, volcanic activity, and the formation of mountain ranges.

Algorithm

• A step-by-step set of rules or calculations used for problem-solving and data processing.
• The foundation of computer programming, artificial intelligence, and cryptography.

Acoustic Resonance

• The phenomenon where sound waves reinforce each other in a medium.
• Used in musical instruments, architectural acoustics, and medical imaging.

Zwitterion

• A molecule that contains both positive and negative charges but is overall electrically neutral.
• Amino acids exist as zwitterions at certain pH levels.

Quantum Entanglement

• A phenomenon where two or more particles become linked, so that the state of one instantly influences the other, regardless of distance.
• This concept challenges classical physics and is crucial in quantum computing.

Hydrolysis

• A chemical reaction where a water molecule breaks a bond in a compound, often seen in digestion and biochemical pathways.
• Essential in the breakdown of complex biomolecules.

Fission

• A nuclear reaction in which a heavy nucleus splits into smaller nuclei, releasing large amounts of energy.
• This principle is used in nuclear power plants and atomic bombs.

Cyber-Physical System

• A system where physical components interact with computational elements through sensors and networks.
• Examples include smart grids, autonomous vehicles, and industrial automation.

Cryogenics

• The branch of physics dealing with the behavior of materials at extremely low temperatures.
• Applications in superconductivity, space exploration, and medical preservation.

Quantum Tunneling

• A quantum mechanical effect where particles pass through energy barriers that they classically should not be able to cross.
• Key to semiconductors, nuclear fusion, and molecular reactions.

Electrophoresis

• A laboratory technique used to separate charged molecules based on size and charge in an electric field.
• Crucial in genetic and forensic research.

Heliocentrism

• The astronomical model that places the Sun at the center of the solar system, replacing the earlier geocentric model.

Ionic Bond

• A type of chemical bond formed through the electrostatic attraction between oppositely charged ions.

Turing Machine

• A theoretical computing model proposed by Alan Turing that can simulate any algorithm using a simple set of rules.

Synapse

• The junction between two nerve cells where electrical or chemical signals are transmitted.

Carbon Capture

• Capturing and storing carbon dioxide emissions to reduce environmental impact.

Robotics

• The design, construction, and operation of machines that can perform tasks autonomously or semi-autonomously.

Isotope

• Atoms of the same element that have different numbers of neutrons, resulting in varying atomic masses.

Proton Pump

• A membrane protein that moves protons across a biological membrane, crucial in cellular respiration and ATP production.

Heat Capacity

• The amount of heat energy required to raise the temperature of a substance by a given amount.

Machine Learning

• A subset of artificial intelligence that enables computers to learn from data and make predictions or decisions.

Hardware Compatibility List

• The first document needed before installing software.

Elisha Graves Otis

• Inventor of a safety device for elevators.

Operating System

• The software that must first be installed to a new computer from a manufacturer.

Compressibility

• The reciprocal of the bulk modulus.

Alessandro Volta

• Inventor of Batteries.

Diluted Sulphuric Acid

• The electrolyte used in lead acid batteries.

Newton's Second Law of Motion

• The rate of change of momentum is directly proportional to the impressed force.
• Takes place in the same direction in which the force acts.

Vector Quantity

• A quantity with both magnitude and direction

Center of Gravity

• Point through which the whole weight of the body acts, irrespective of its position.

Define

• The stage of the Design Thinking process where capturing the ideal problem statement is crucial.
• Emphasizes a human-centered perspective over business goals.

FAME

• Stands for Faster Adoption and Manufacturing of (Hybrid &)Electric Vehicles.

Seebeck Effect

• The thermoelectric generator works on this principle.

Sir William Robert Grove

• Developed the first fuel cell in 1839 using a platinum electrode and H2O2 as reactants.

Resistor

• The most basic passive component in electrical or electronic circuits.

Oscilloscope

• A laboratory instrument commonly used to display and analyze the waveform of electronic signals.

Prototype

• The stage in the Design Thinking process that involves creation of scaled-down versions.
• Allows teams to gather feedback and determine the most effective approach through trial and error.

High-Fidelity Prototypes

• Prototypes created using digital tools that represent a more refined and detailed version.
• Aim to closely simulate the final product or system.

Low-Fidelity Prototypes

• Prototypes often paper-based and encompassing sketches or hand-drawn concepts.
• Visualize various design solutions, fostering brainstorming

Manufacturing

• The process of converting raw materials into finished products.

Rapid Prototyping

• An approach in the design process focusing on continuous development and evaluation of learning experiences.

Ideate

• Stage of the Design Thinking process where brainstorming occurs.
• Involves generating a multitude of ideas to address unmet needs for investigation and testing..

Feasibility Studies

• Systematic process to examine and evaluate a project, identifying methods, techniques, and potential challenges.
• Determines the viability of the proposed project.

Zero Bias

• The PN-junction operates without any bias.
• Meaning that there is no forward or reverse voltage applied.

Expediting

• In purchasing and project management ensures the timely delivery and quality of goods and components.

Joule

• The base unit of energy.

Rectification

• A widely used application of the power diode.
• The conversion of alternating voltages (AC) to direct voltages (DC).

120

• The number of electrical degrees separating each phase in a 3Ø circuit.

Volts

• The electrical property of conductors that allows them to oppose the free fow of current traveling over them.

Multimeter

• Ammeter used to measure both AC and DC voltage and current.

Amperes

• The output of a 3-phase transformer is measured.

Mpemba Effect

• A phenomenon describes the observation that, under certain conditions, hot water can freeze faster than cold water.

Thomas Edison

• The American inventor and businessman who holds the record for the most U.S. patents granted to an individual, with a total of 1,093 patents

Stem Cells

• Possess the unique ability to differentiate into various cell types, aiding in tissue repair and regeneration

SDG 6: Clean Water and Sanitation

• A United Nations Sustainable Development Goal (SDG) that is dedicated to ensuring access to clean water and sanitation for all by 2030

Heisenberg Uncertainty Principle

• The principle that asserts that it is impossible to simultaneously and precisely know both the position and momentum of a subatomic particle.

Samsung

• Also known as the maker of Galaxy smartphones, a Korean conglomerate that was also the main contractor that built Dubai's Burj Khalifa.

Geologic Carbon Sequestration

• Study of subsurface formations to assess the potential for storing carbon dioxide, a practice relevant to mitigating greenhouse gas emissions from the various industries.

Moore's Law

• Number of transistors on a microchip doubles approximately every two years, leading to a rapid increase in computational power and technological advancements.

Higgs Boson Particle

• Particle was theorized to impart mass to other particles and was confirmed by experiments at the Large Hadron Collider (LHC) in 2012.

Bernoulli’s Principle

• a concept in fluid dynamics, oftens applied in aeronautical engineering, describes the phenomenon where the pressure of a fluid decreases as its velocity increases

Hydrodynamics or Principle of Hydrodynamics

• Principle dictates the resistance of a ship's hull moving through water, involving the study of forces such as friction, wave-making resistance, and form drag

Frontier

• the world's most powerful supercomputer, known for its remarkable speed that exceeds one quintillion calculations per second.

Pauli's Exclusion Principle

• states that no two electrons in an atom can have the same set of quantum numbers

Mary Anderson

• invented the windshield wiper, a pivotal automotive safety feature

Seatbelt

• Volvo engineer Nils Bohlin invented the revolutionary V- type three-point version of what safety object in 1959

Reverse Bias

• a voltage is applied across a diode in a manner that increases the width of the depletion region.

Ergonomics

• the application of psychological and physiological principles to the engineering and construction of products

Falcon 9

• is known for its impressive capabilities, including the ability to land and be reused

Fibonacci Sequence

• sequence starts with 0 and 1, and each subsequent number is the sum of the two preceding ones

Siemens

• SI derived unit of electrical conductance

SDG 8: Decent Work and Economic Growth

• aims to promote sustained, inclusive, and sustainable economic growth, full and productive employment, and decent work for all

The Panama Canal

• Connecting the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans

Nylon

• polymer, discovered by Wallace Carothers, revolutionized the synthetic materials industry

Bernoulli's Principle

• often applied in aeronautical engineering, describes the phenomenon where the pressure of a fluid decreases as its velocity increases

Principle of Transmissibility

• states that the external effects on a body, such as forces and moments, remain unchanged when they are shifted along their line of action without altering the system's equilibrium or mechanical behavior

Zeroth Law of Thermodynamics

• establishes the concept of temperature equilibrium

Standard Temperature and Pressure

• STP refers to specific standard conditions used for scientific measurements

1.618

• the value of the Golden Ratio

Leaning Tower of Pisa

• structure notorious for its 3.97 degree tilt is the freestanding bell tower of a cathedral in its namesake Italian town

Acoustics

• defines the scientific study of sound, used to determine the efficiency of engineering projects

Social Engineering

• Where nefarious actors trick others into revealing sensitive information

Bullet train

• popular phrase to describe the Japanese train known as the Shikansen?

Grand Coulee Dam

• The largest power station in the U.S. (measured by installed capacity) is a concrete gravity dam in Washington, built to produce hydroelectric power and provide irrigation water

Zoom

• Eric Yuan is a former Cisco engineer and executive that left the telecom giant to found what speedy meeting company in 2011?

Ohio State University

• Yun Hao Feng, the first woman to graduate with a Ph.D. in engineering in the United States, obtained her degree from what midwestern Buckeye-brimming university?

Expansion

• Describing how an object changes in size when the temperature changes, the abbreviation CTE stands for "coefficient of thermal" WHAT?

Wedge

• What simple machine is a triangle-shaped tool, and is a portable inclined plane?

Catapult

• What device, an example of ancient engineering, used stored potential energy to fling a projectile great distances without any propellant?

Oracle

• Larry Ellison co-founded a company in 1977 with the rather boring name of Software Development Laboratories (SDL). In 1983, the company introduced what word into its official name?

Android

• Andy Rubin is known as one of the three founders of what massively popular cell phone operating system?

London Eye

• Sometimes called the Millenium Wheel, what paid tourist attraction in London with a biological name is a cantilevered observation wheel that allows people to see the city from high in the sky?

Insulation

• What is the generic term for building material which is used to buffer a structure against unwanted inclement temperature, acoustics, fire, or impact?

The Martian

• Mark Watney, an environmental engineer stranded on the Red Planet, is the title character of what 2011 Andy Weir novel and its film adaptation?

Suez Canal

• What canal connects the Red Sea with the Mediterranean Sea?

Levees

• What New Orleans structure failed in August 2005, leading to the claims of "the worst engineering disasters in the world since Chernobyl?"

Xi Jingping

• Which president of China, in office since 2013, studied chemical engineering in college before rising through the ranks of regional politics?

Materials Engineering

• In which field of engineering would you work with things like glass, ceramics, metals, polymers, and nanocrystals, and even discover (or make) new substances?

Research

• Lockheed's STELaRLab is an industry innovation hub—which makes sense, considering the name is an acronym for Science, Technology, Engineering, Leadership, and _______.

Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT)

• What is the two word term for the type of cybersecurity breach in which a user is convinced to disclose secrets due to an exploitation of trust and reliance on cognitive biases?

The Boring Company

• What Elon Musk-founded tunneling firm raised $118 million in venture capital funding in April 2018?

Kodak

• In 1975, an engineer created the first electronic camera while working for what company?

Hennessey

• Which American "hypercar" maker based in Texas "makes fast cars faster" with mods like Venom and Exorcist?

Libya

• Described by Muammar Gaddafi as "the Eighth Wonder of the World," the Great Man-Made River delivers 6.5 million cubic metres of water daily to Tripoli, Benghazi, and other cities in what northern African country?

Cube

• At the center of Mecca's Masjid al-Haram mosque sits the big black Kaaba, a structure whose Arabic name translates to what Platonic solid it's shaped like?

Electrolysis

• What is the "E" term for the process of using electricity to remove human hair from the body?

Lever

• what simple machine is a beam or rigid rod with a fixed hinge, also known as a fulcrum?

German

• Rudolf Christian Karl Diesel was a 19th century inventor and mechanical engineer, most famous for the invention of his namesake engine.

Ali

• Which data engineering team member practices tai chi?

Gui (Guilherme)

• Which data engineering team member has over a dozen stuffed animals, including a 5 ft tall teddy bear named Big Bear?

Thomas Savery

• What "S" 17th century English inventor designed the first commercially used steam powered device, a steam pump sometimes called an engine?

Aqueduct

• a watercourse engineered to carry water from a source to a distribution point

Kekaha

• What Hawaiian sugar company built a ditch to send water to its sugar fields in 1907, an engineering marvel that stands to this day?

KISS PRINCIPLE (Keep it Simple, Stupid)

• What is the name of the design philosophy that advocates for the use of fewer components and simpler designs to enhance reliability and reduce costs?

Steamboat

• Marine engineer Robert Fulton invented and successfully tried which type of transport in 1803?

Polynomial

-A mathematical expression with variables, coefficients, and exponents combined using addition, subtraction, and multiplication.

• Degree determined by the highest exponent.

Matrix

• A rectangular array of numbers arranged in rows and columns. -Used to solve systems of equations, perform transformations, and represent data.

Determinant

• A special number associated with a square matrix. -Helps determine if the matrix has an inverse.

Eigenvalue

• A scalar that describes how a linear transformation changes a vector's magnitude along directions. -Found by solving the characteristic equation of a matrix.

Field

-System where addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division can be performed. -Operations follow specific properties.

Axiom

• A fundamental assumption.
• Accepted as true without proof.
• Serves as foundation for math reasoning.

Theorem

• A statement logically proven using axioms & established theorems.

Transformation

• A function that moves or alters a geometric figure while certain properties.

Big-O Notation

• A mathematical notation.
• Used to describe the efficiency of algorithm.
• In terms of time of space complexity.