Vitamins Overview Quiz
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Questions and Answers

What is one function of Vitamin A?

  • Regulates blood sugar levels
  • Boosts immune responses
  • Acts as an antioxidant (correct)
  • Enhances the absorption of calcium
  • Which of the following is a manifestation of Vitamin A deficiency?

  • Hair loss
  • Delayed wound healing
  • Soft swollen gums
  • Defective night vision (correct)
  • Which vitamin is primarily associated with collagen synthesis?

  • Vitamin D
  • Vitamin C (correct)
  • Vitamin A
  • Vitamin E
  • What condition is indicative of Vitamin C deficiency?

    <p>Scurvy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which B vitamin is involved in the oxidative decarboxylation of α-keto acids?

    <p>Vitamin B1 (Thiamine)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary consequence of Thiamine deficiency?

    <p>Beri-beri</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is not a manifestation of Vitamin A toxicity?

    <p>Swollen joints</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one of the key functions of Vitamin B6 (Pyridoxine)?

    <p>Metabolism of amino acids</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the normal blood phosphorus level range in adults?

    <p>3 – 4.5 mg/dl</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which vitamin is primarily responsible for increasing calcium and phosphorus levels in the blood?

    <p>Calcitriol (active vitamin D3)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the consequence of chronic hypocalcemia?

    <p>Bone deformity (Rickets and osteomalacia)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main source of sodium in the diet?

    <p>Table salt (NaCl)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following functions is NOT associated with sodium?

    <p>Protein synthesis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the blood potassium level range considered normal?

    <p>3.5-5 mEq/L</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a role of magnesium ions in the body?

    <p>Bone and teeth mineralization</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What causes the secretion of Parathyroid Hormone (PTH)?

    <p>Low plasma calcium levels</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of Vitamin B2 (Riboflavin) within the body?

    <p>Serves as a hydrogen carrier in oxidation-reduction reactions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which symptoms are associated with a deficiency of Niacin (Vitamin B3)?

    <p>Dermatitis, Diarrhoea, Dementia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the active form of folic acid and its essential functions?

    <p>Tetrahydrofolate; essential for erythropoiesis and DNA synthesis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a notable deficiency symptom for Vitamin B6 (Pyridoxine)?

    <p>Neurologic disorders such as convulsions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which vitamin is not found in plant sources and is primarily acquired from animal products?

    <p>Vitamin B12 (Cobalamin)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which vitamin is crucial for the synthesis of Co-ASH involved in metabolic reactions?

    <p>Vitamin B5 (Pantothenic acid)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one function of Nicotinic acid derived from Niacin?

    <p>Acts as a vasodilator</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which form of Vitamin B6 is involved in amino acid metabolism?

    <p>Pyridoxal phosphate (PLP)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which trace element is essential for the synthesis of thyroid hormones?

    <p>Iodine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a function of chloride in the body?

    <p>Regulation of acid-base balance</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What deficiency is associated with the trace element manganese?

    <p>Growth retardation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of intrinsic factor in relation to vitamin B12?

    <p>It enhances the absorption of vitamin B12.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following substances is essential for erythropoiesis?

    <p>Vitamin B12</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following trace elements is classified as possibly essential?

    <p>Nickel</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What essential function is zinc known for?

    <p>Insulin storage and release</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following conditions can lead to vitamin B12 deficiency?

    <p>Gastrectomy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What condition can result from prolonged iodine deficiency?

    <p>Goitre</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a characteristic of megaloblastic anemia?

    <p>Presence of immature red blood cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a function of copper in the body?

    <p>Formation of hemoglobin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does alkaline pH in intestinal contents affect calcium absorption?

    <p>Decreases calcium solubility</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which mineral is classified as a major element or macronutrient?

    <p>Calcium</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What deficiency is associated with iron?

    <p>Iron deficiency anemia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key function of calcium in the human body?

    <p>Bone mineralization</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following dietary factors enhances calcium absorption?

    <p>Lactose consumption</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Fat Soluble Vitamins

    • Vitamin A is essential for vision, growth, reproduction, skin and hair health.
    • Vitamin A deficiency can lead to night blindness, growth failure, reproductive issues, skin and mucus membrane problems, and dry eyes.
    • Excessive Vitamin A intake can lead to headaches, drowsiness, nausea, skin and bone abnormalities, congenital malformations, dry itchy skin, and hair loss.

    Water Soluble Vitamins

    • Vitamin C is essential for collagen synthesis, absorption of iron, activation of folic acid, and acts as an antioxidant.
    • Vitamin C deficiency can lead to scurvy, characterized by soft swollen gums, loose teeth, bleeding tendencies, swollen joints, muscle weakness, and delayed wound healing.
    • Vitamin C also plays a role in iron absorption and iron deficiency anemia.

    B- Vitamins

    • B-complex vitamins include B1 (Thiamine), B2 (Riboflavin), B3 (Niacin), B5 (Pantothenic acid), B6 (Pyridoxine), B7 (Biotin), B9 (Folic acid), and B12 (Cobalamine).

    Thiamine (B1)

    • Thiamine is essential for the production of ATP, and is present in the active form TPP.
    • Thiamine deficiency (Beri-beri) can manifest in two forms:
      • Dry Beri-beri: neurological disorders
      • Wet Beri-beri: cardiovascular and gastrointestinal disorders

    Riboflavin (B2)

    • Riboflavin is present in two forms:
      • FMN
      • FAD
    • FMN and FAD are hydrogen carriers involved in oxidation-reduction reactions.
    • Deficiency can lead to:
      • Angular stomatitis
      • Glossitis
      • Photophobia

    Niacin (B3)

    • Niacin is present in three coenzyme forms:
      • NAD
      • NADP
      • NMN
    • Deficiency can lead to Pellagra, characterized by:
      • Dermatitis
      • Diarrhea
      • Dementia

    Pantothenic Acid (B5)

    • Important for the formation of Co-ASH, a carrier in many metabolic reactions.

    Pyridoxine (B6)

    • Pyridoxine is present in the active form PLP, a coenzyme involved in amino acid metabolism, including:
      • Transamination
      • Deamination
      • Decarboxylation
    • Deficiency can lead to:
      • Impaired growth
      • Iron deficiency anemia
      • Neurological disorders
      • Pellagra

    Biotin (B7)

    • Essential for many enzymatic reactions in metabolism.

    Folic Acid (B9)

    • The active form of folic acid is Tetrahydrofolate (THF), essential for erythropoiesis and DNA synthesis.
    • Deficiency can lead to:
      • Impaired growth
      • Megaloblastic anemia

    Cobalamin (B12)

    • Not present in plants, only in animal products.
    • Synthesiszed by intestinal bacteria.
    • Absorption requires Intrinsic Factor (IF) secreted by the stomach.
    • Functions:
      • Carrier of methyl groups (CH3)
      • Reduction of ribose to deoxyribose
      • Amino acid activation
      • Essential for erythropoiesis
      • Regeneration of peripheral nerves
    • Deficiency can lead to Pernicious anemia, characterized by:
      • Megaloblastic anemia
      • Neurological manifestations

    Minerals

    • Minerals are divided into major elements (Macronutrients) and trace elements (Micronutrients).

    Major Elements (Macronutrients)

    • These are required in amounts > 100mg/day
    Calcium
    • Normal blood Calcium level: 9-11 mg/dl
    • Functions:
      • Bone mineralization
      • Blood coagulation
      • Membrane permeability
      • Muscle and nerve excitability
      • Second messenger for hormones
      • For activity of many enzymes
    • Factors affecting Calcium absorption:
      • Calcitriol
      • PTH
      • pH of intestinal contents
      • Dietary factors
    • Disorders:
      • Hypocalcemia: blood levels < 8.8 mg/dl, can lead to tetany and bone deformities
      • Hypercalcemia: blood level > 11 mg/dl, can lead to calcification of soft tissue
    Phosphorus
    • Normal Blood level:
      • Children: 4-7 mg/dl
      • Adults: 3-4.5 mg/dl
    • Function:
      • Bone and teeth mineralization
      • Phosphorus ester compounds for energy transfer and storage
      • Nucleic acid formation
      • Coenzymes
    • Serum Calcium: Phosphorus ratio is important for ossification
    Control of Blood Calcium and Phosphorus
    • Regulated through the action of Calcitriol, PTH, and Calcitonin on the intestine, kidney, and bone:
      • Calcitriol: increases Calcium and Phosphorus levels
      • PTH: increases Calcium and Phosphorus levels
      • Calcitonin: decreases Calcium and Phosphorus levels
    Sodium
    • Major cation in extracellular fluid
    • Normal blood level: 132-146 mEq/L
    • Functions:
      • Regulating acid-base balance
      • Maintenance of osmotic pressure
      • Nerve impulse conduction
      • Maintain normal muscle irritability
      • Cell permeability
    • Source: Table salt (NaCl)
    Potassium
    • Main intracellular fluid cation
    • Plasma level: 3.5-5 mEq/L
    • Functions:
      • Essential for metabolic processes, including protein synthesis, glycogensis, and glycogenolysis
      • Maintains normal cardiac muscle excitability
      • Acid-base balance, osmotic pressure, and water content
    Magnesium
    • 70% is found with calcium and phosphorus in bones
    • 30% is in all tissues and body fluids
    • Functions:
      • Acts as an activator for phosphate transferase enzymes
      • Co-factor in RNA and DNA synthesis
      • Nerve impulse conduction
    Chloride
    • Functions:
      • Regulates acid-base balance
      • Maintenance of osmotic pressure and water balance
      • Activates salivary amylase

    Trace Elements (Micronutrients)

    • Required in amounts < 100 mg/day
    Iron
    • Function:
      • Hemoglobin and myoglobin structure
      • Respiratory cytochromes
      • Cytochrome P450
      • Peroxidases and catalases
    • Disorders:
      • Iron deficiency anemia: decrease serum iron
      • Haemosiderosis: increased serum iron
    • Factors affecting iron absorption:
    Zinc
    • Essential for:
      • Reproduction, tissue repair, and wound healing
      • Insulin storage and release
    • Deficiency can lead to:
      • Growth retardation
      • Delayed would healing
      • Impaired sexual development
    Copper (Cu)
    • Essential for:
      • Hemoglobin synthesis
      • Bone formation
      • Maintenance of myelin
    Manganese (Mn)
    • Essential for:
      • Normal bone structure
      • Central nervous system and spermatogenesis
      • Activates many enzymes
    Iodine
    • Formation of thyroid hormones
    • Deficiency can lead to goiter
    Fluoride
    • Found in bones, teeth, and small amounts in soft tissue
    • Functions:
      • Protects against dental caries
      • Protects against osteoporosis and osteomalacia

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    Description

    This quiz covers essential information about fat-soluble and water-soluble vitamins, including Vitamin A and Vitamin C, along with the B-complex vitamins. Test your knowledge on their functions, deficiencies, and the effects of excessive intake. Ideal for students studying nutrition or health sciences.

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