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Questions and Answers
What is one function of Vitamin A?
What is one function of Vitamin A?
Which of the following is a manifestation of Vitamin A deficiency?
Which of the following is a manifestation of Vitamin A deficiency?
Which vitamin is primarily associated with collagen synthesis?
Which vitamin is primarily associated with collagen synthesis?
What condition is indicative of Vitamin C deficiency?
What condition is indicative of Vitamin C deficiency?
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Which B vitamin is involved in the oxidative decarboxylation of α-keto acids?
Which B vitamin is involved in the oxidative decarboxylation of α-keto acids?
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What is the primary consequence of Thiamine deficiency?
What is the primary consequence of Thiamine deficiency?
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Which of the following is not a manifestation of Vitamin A toxicity?
Which of the following is not a manifestation of Vitamin A toxicity?
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What is one of the key functions of Vitamin B6 (Pyridoxine)?
What is one of the key functions of Vitamin B6 (Pyridoxine)?
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What is the normal blood phosphorus level range in adults?
What is the normal blood phosphorus level range in adults?
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Which vitamin is primarily responsible for increasing calcium and phosphorus levels in the blood?
Which vitamin is primarily responsible for increasing calcium and phosphorus levels in the blood?
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What is the consequence of chronic hypocalcemia?
What is the consequence of chronic hypocalcemia?
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What is the main source of sodium in the diet?
What is the main source of sodium in the diet?
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Which of the following functions is NOT associated with sodium?
Which of the following functions is NOT associated with sodium?
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What is the blood potassium level range considered normal?
What is the blood potassium level range considered normal?
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Which of the following is NOT a role of magnesium ions in the body?
Which of the following is NOT a role of magnesium ions in the body?
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What causes the secretion of Parathyroid Hormone (PTH)?
What causes the secretion of Parathyroid Hormone (PTH)?
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What is the primary function of Vitamin B2 (Riboflavin) within the body?
What is the primary function of Vitamin B2 (Riboflavin) within the body?
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Which symptoms are associated with a deficiency of Niacin (Vitamin B3)?
Which symptoms are associated with a deficiency of Niacin (Vitamin B3)?
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What is the active form of folic acid and its essential functions?
What is the active form of folic acid and its essential functions?
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What is a notable deficiency symptom for Vitamin B6 (Pyridoxine)?
What is a notable deficiency symptom for Vitamin B6 (Pyridoxine)?
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Which vitamin is not found in plant sources and is primarily acquired from animal products?
Which vitamin is not found in plant sources and is primarily acquired from animal products?
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Which vitamin is crucial for the synthesis of Co-ASH involved in metabolic reactions?
Which vitamin is crucial for the synthesis of Co-ASH involved in metabolic reactions?
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What is one function of Nicotinic acid derived from Niacin?
What is one function of Nicotinic acid derived from Niacin?
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Which form of Vitamin B6 is involved in amino acid metabolism?
Which form of Vitamin B6 is involved in amino acid metabolism?
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Which trace element is essential for the synthesis of thyroid hormones?
Which trace element is essential for the synthesis of thyroid hormones?
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What is a function of chloride in the body?
What is a function of chloride in the body?
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What deficiency is associated with the trace element manganese?
What deficiency is associated with the trace element manganese?
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What is the role of intrinsic factor in relation to vitamin B12?
What is the role of intrinsic factor in relation to vitamin B12?
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Which of the following substances is essential for erythropoiesis?
Which of the following substances is essential for erythropoiesis?
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Which of the following trace elements is classified as possibly essential?
Which of the following trace elements is classified as possibly essential?
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What essential function is zinc known for?
What essential function is zinc known for?
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Which of the following conditions can lead to vitamin B12 deficiency?
Which of the following conditions can lead to vitamin B12 deficiency?
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What condition can result from prolonged iodine deficiency?
What condition can result from prolonged iodine deficiency?
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What is a characteristic of megaloblastic anemia?
What is a characteristic of megaloblastic anemia?
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What is a function of copper in the body?
What is a function of copper in the body?
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How does alkaline pH in intestinal contents affect calcium absorption?
How does alkaline pH in intestinal contents affect calcium absorption?
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Which mineral is classified as a major element or macronutrient?
Which mineral is classified as a major element or macronutrient?
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What deficiency is associated with iron?
What deficiency is associated with iron?
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What is a key function of calcium in the human body?
What is a key function of calcium in the human body?
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Which of the following dietary factors enhances calcium absorption?
Which of the following dietary factors enhances calcium absorption?
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Study Notes
Fat Soluble Vitamins
- Vitamin A is essential for vision, growth, reproduction, skin and hair health.
- Vitamin A deficiency can lead to night blindness, growth failure, reproductive issues, skin and mucus membrane problems, and dry eyes.
- Excessive Vitamin A intake can lead to headaches, drowsiness, nausea, skin and bone abnormalities, congenital malformations, dry itchy skin, and hair loss.
Water Soluble Vitamins
- Vitamin C is essential for collagen synthesis, absorption of iron, activation of folic acid, and acts as an antioxidant.
- Vitamin C deficiency can lead to scurvy, characterized by soft swollen gums, loose teeth, bleeding tendencies, swollen joints, muscle weakness, and delayed wound healing.
- Vitamin C also plays a role in iron absorption and iron deficiency anemia.
B- Vitamins
- B-complex vitamins include B1 (Thiamine), B2 (Riboflavin), B3 (Niacin), B5 (Pantothenic acid), B6 (Pyridoxine), B7 (Biotin), B9 (Folic acid), and B12 (Cobalamine).
Thiamine (B1)
- Thiamine is essential for the production of ATP, and is present in the active form TPP.
- Thiamine deficiency (Beri-beri) can manifest in two forms:
- Dry Beri-beri: neurological disorders
- Wet Beri-beri: cardiovascular and gastrointestinal disorders
Riboflavin (B2)
- Riboflavin is present in two forms:
- FMN
- FAD
- FMN and FAD are hydrogen carriers involved in oxidation-reduction reactions.
- Deficiency can lead to:
- Angular stomatitis
- Glossitis
- Photophobia
Niacin (B3)
- Niacin is present in three coenzyme forms:
- NAD
- NADP
- NMN
- Deficiency can lead to Pellagra, characterized by:
- Dermatitis
- Diarrhea
- Dementia
Pantothenic Acid (B5)
- Important for the formation of Co-ASH, a carrier in many metabolic reactions.
Pyridoxine (B6)
- Pyridoxine is present in the active form PLP, a coenzyme involved in amino acid metabolism, including:
- Transamination
- Deamination
- Decarboxylation
- Deficiency can lead to:
- Impaired growth
- Iron deficiency anemia
- Neurological disorders
- Pellagra
Biotin (B7)
- Essential for many enzymatic reactions in metabolism.
Folic Acid (B9)
- The active form of folic acid is Tetrahydrofolate (THF), essential for erythropoiesis and DNA synthesis.
- Deficiency can lead to:
- Impaired growth
- Megaloblastic anemia
Cobalamin (B12)
- Not present in plants, only in animal products.
- Synthesiszed by intestinal bacteria.
- Absorption requires Intrinsic Factor (IF) secreted by the stomach.
- Functions:
- Carrier of methyl groups (CH3)
- Reduction of ribose to deoxyribose
- Amino acid activation
- Essential for erythropoiesis
- Regeneration of peripheral nerves
- Deficiency can lead to Pernicious anemia, characterized by:
- Megaloblastic anemia
- Neurological manifestations
Minerals
- Minerals are divided into major elements (Macronutrients) and trace elements (Micronutrients).
Major Elements (Macronutrients)
- These are required in amounts > 100mg/day
Calcium
- Normal blood Calcium level: 9-11 mg/dl
- Functions:
- Bone mineralization
- Blood coagulation
- Membrane permeability
- Muscle and nerve excitability
- Second messenger for hormones
- For activity of many enzymes
- Factors affecting Calcium absorption:
- Calcitriol
- PTH
- pH of intestinal contents
- Dietary factors
- Disorders:
- Hypocalcemia: blood levels < 8.8 mg/dl, can lead to tetany and bone deformities
- Hypercalcemia: blood level > 11 mg/dl, can lead to calcification of soft tissue
Phosphorus
- Normal Blood level:
- Children: 4-7 mg/dl
- Adults: 3-4.5 mg/dl
- Function:
- Bone and teeth mineralization
- Phosphorus ester compounds for energy transfer and storage
- Nucleic acid formation
- Coenzymes
- Serum Calcium: Phosphorus ratio is important for ossification
Control of Blood Calcium and Phosphorus
- Regulated through the action of Calcitriol, PTH, and Calcitonin on the intestine, kidney, and bone:
- Calcitriol: increases Calcium and Phosphorus levels
- PTH: increases Calcium and Phosphorus levels
- Calcitonin: decreases Calcium and Phosphorus levels
Sodium
- Major cation in extracellular fluid
- Normal blood level: 132-146 mEq/L
- Functions:
- Regulating acid-base balance
- Maintenance of osmotic pressure
- Nerve impulse conduction
- Maintain normal muscle irritability
- Cell permeability
- Source: Table salt (NaCl)
Potassium
- Main intracellular fluid cation
- Plasma level: 3.5-5 mEq/L
- Functions:
- Essential for metabolic processes, including protein synthesis, glycogensis, and glycogenolysis
- Maintains normal cardiac muscle excitability
- Acid-base balance, osmotic pressure, and water content
Magnesium
- 70% is found with calcium and phosphorus in bones
- 30% is in all tissues and body fluids
- Functions:
- Acts as an activator for phosphate transferase enzymes
- Co-factor in RNA and DNA synthesis
- Nerve impulse conduction
Chloride
- Functions:
- Regulates acid-base balance
- Maintenance of osmotic pressure and water balance
- Activates salivary amylase
Trace Elements (Micronutrients)
- Required in amounts < 100 mg/day
Iron
- Function:
- Hemoglobin and myoglobin structure
- Respiratory cytochromes
- Cytochrome P450
- Peroxidases and catalases
- Disorders:
- Iron deficiency anemia: decrease serum iron
- Haemosiderosis: increased serum iron
- Factors affecting iron absorption:
Zinc
- Essential for:
- Reproduction, tissue repair, and wound healing
- Insulin storage and release
- Deficiency can lead to:
- Growth retardation
- Delayed would healing
- Impaired sexual development
Copper (Cu)
- Essential for:
- Hemoglobin synthesis
- Bone formation
- Maintenance of myelin
Manganese (Mn)
- Essential for:
- Normal bone structure
- Central nervous system and spermatogenesis
- Activates many enzymes
Iodine
- Formation of thyroid hormones
- Deficiency can lead to goiter
Fluoride
- Found in bones, teeth, and small amounts in soft tissue
- Functions:
- Protects against dental caries
- Protects against osteoporosis and osteomalacia
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Description
This quiz covers essential information about fat-soluble and water-soluble vitamins, including Vitamin A and Vitamin C, along with the B-complex vitamins. Test your knowledge on their functions, deficiencies, and the effects of excessive intake. Ideal for students studying nutrition or health sciences.
