Vitamins & Minerals Overview
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Questions and Answers

What distinguishes vitamins from minerals?

  • Vitamins contain carbon, while minerals do not. (correct)
  • Vitamins are only needed in small amounts unlike minerals.
  • Vitamins are major nutrients, while minerals are minor nutrients.
  • Vitamins are inorganic, while minerals are organic.

Which of the following is a macro mineral?

  • Iron
  • Zinc
  • Copper
  • Calcium (correct)

Which vitamin is associated with scurvy?

  • Vitamin A
  • Vitamin B1
  • Vitamin D
  • Vitamin C (correct)

What can excessive intake of minerals lead to?

<p>Kidney damage (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a function of water-soluble vitamins?

<p>Act as coenzymes or precursors to coenzymes (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a symptom of Vitamin A deficiency?

<p>Night blindness (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How are micro minerals defined in terms of required intake?

<p>Less than 100–200 mg/day (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a common consequence of calcium deficiency?

<p>Heart stopping during systole (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which nutrient acts similarly to a water-soluble vitamin?

<p>Choline (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which vitamin deficiency is linked to nerve problems?

<p>Vitamin E (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a common characteristic of macronutrients?

<p>They provide energy and are required in large amounts. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following vitamins is classified as fat-soluble?

<p>Vitamin E (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does a deficiency in Vitamin B1 lead to?

<p>Beriberi (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How are microminerals defined in terms of required intake?

<p>They are required in doses less than 100-200 mg per day. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which nutrient acts as a cofactor for enzymes?

<p>Minerals (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What can excessive intake of minerals lead to?

<p>Nephrotoxic acute tubular necrosis (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a symptom of iron deficiency?

<p>Fatigue and pale skin (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What results from a deficiency in Vitamin D?

<p>Bone problems (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which heavy metal is considered highly toxic?

<p>Lead (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of vitamin deficiency can lead to night blindness?

<p>Vitamin A (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are vitamins primarily composed of?

<p>Organic compounds containing carbon (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a characteristic of minerals?

<p>They are inorganic compounds without carbon (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following vitamins is classified as water-soluble?

<p>Vitamin C (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What defines macrominerals compared to microminerals?

<p>Macrominerals are required in larger amounts (&gt;1mg/day) (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why are both vitamins and minerals considered micronutrients?

<p>They are required in small amounts (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which deficiency can lead to a loss of taste and smell?

<p>Zinc deficiency (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of minerals in the body?

<p>Functioning as cofactors for enzymes (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which mineral can lead to serious consequences if deficient?

<p>Sodium (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which vitamin deficiency can lead to corkscrew hair?

<p>Vitamin C (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What condition results from excess intake of lead?

<p>Nephrotoxic acute tubular necrosis (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which vitamin deficiency can impair blood clotting?

<p>Vitamin K (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which vitamin is known to affect the nervous system when deficient?

<p>Thiamine (B1) (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role do vitamins commonly play in the body?

<p>Functioning as coenzymes (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Deficiencies in which group of micronutrients are generally more serious?

<p>Macrominerals (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a potential outcome of vitamin B12 deficiency?

<p>Anemia (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one potential consequence of choline deficiency?

<p>Fatty liver disease (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Excessive intake of vitamin A can be harmful because it is teratogenic. What does teratogenic mean?

<p>Causes birth defects (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which vitamin deficiency is associated with dermatitis, glossitis, and alopecia?

<p>Vitamin B7 (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What condition is caused by vitamin D deficiency in children?

<p>Rickets (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which water-soluble vitamin deficiency is known to cause neurological issues such as dry beriberi?

<p>Vitamin B1 (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a symptom associated with wet beriberi due to Vitamin B1 deficiency?

<p>Edema (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which vitamin is crucial for the synthesis of Coenzyme A (CoA)?

<p>Vitamin B5 (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a key characteristic of water-soluble vitamins compared to fat-soluble vitamins?

<p>Easily excreted by the kidneys. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which condition is characterized by the triad of ophthalmoplegia, gait ataxia, and global confusion due to thiamine deficiency?

<p>Wernicke's Encephalopathy (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which vitamin is synthesized from tryptophan and functions as a coenzyme in the electron transport chain?

<p>Vitamin B3 (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a common symptom of riboflavin (Vitamin B2) deficiency?

<p>Glossitis (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following describes a potential effect of chronic thiamine deficiency?

<p>Anterograde amnesia (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which condition is primarily caused by a diet low in niacin and tryptophan?

<p>Pellagra (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one of the symptoms of Vitamin B9 (Folate) deficiency?

<p>Glossitis (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which vitamin is crucial for the synthesis of myelin and DNA?

<p>Vitamin B12 (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What can result from a deficiency of Vitamin D in adults?

<p>Osteomalacia (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which vitamin functions as an antioxidant and helps in collagen synthesis?

<p>Vitamin C (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What deficiency can lead to excessive bleeding due to issues with blood clotting?

<p>Vitamin K (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a common symptom of Vitamin E deficiency?

<p>Nerve damage (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which vitamin is vital for the synthesis of acetylcholine?

<p>Choline (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of magnesium in relation to Vitamin D?

<p>Acts as a cofactor in Vitamin D activation (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What condition is characterized by difficulty seeing in low light due to Vitamin A deficiency?

<p>Night blindness (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What can excessive intake of Vitamin E hinder?

<p>Gamma carboxylation (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A deficiency in which vitamin is linked to impaired immune function and vision issues?

<p>Vitamin A (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role do Choline and Vitamin B7 have in the body?

<p>Synthesis of neurotransmitters (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which vitamin is synthesized in the skin upon exposure to UVB radiation?

<p>Vitamin D (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the condition that can be caused by a deficiency of Vitamin D during childhood?

<p>Rickets (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which vitamin is crucial for collagen synthesis?

<p>Vitamin C (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What condition is mainly associated with thiamine deficiency?

<p>Beriberi (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which vitamin deficiency can lead to dermatitis, diarrhea, and dementia?

<p>Vitamin B3 (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which vitamin functions as a hormone as well as a vitamin?

<p>Vitamin D (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What kind of vitamins are excreted through the kidneys, making toxicity less likely?

<p>Water-soluble vitamins (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What condition can result from a deficiency of Vitamin A?

<p>Night Blindness (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a common symptom of choline deficiency?

<p>Fatty Liver Disease (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which vitamin deficiency can result in angular stomatitis and glossitis?

<p>Vitamin B2 (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which condition is associated with Vitamin B3 (Niacin) deficiency?

<p>Pellagra (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a characteristic symptom of Wernicke-Korsakoff Syndrome associated with thiamine deficiency?

<p>Confusion (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which vitamin deficiency can lead to megaloblastic anemia?

<p>Vitamin B12 (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Niacin is synthesized from which amino acid?

<p>Tryptophan (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a significant consequence of Vitamin K deficiency?

<p>Impaired blood clotting (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which vitamin deficiency is likely to result in peripheral neuropathy?

<p>Vitamin E (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one consequence of excess Vitamin A intake?

<p>Teratogenic Effects (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which vitamin deficiency is commonly known to result in scurvy?

<p>Vitamin C (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary role of niacin in the body?

<p>Energy production through redox reactions (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What condition can arise from pyridoxine deficiency?

<p>Peripheral neuropathy (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a significant effect of vitamin K deficiency?

<p>Impaired blood clotting (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which vitamin is essential for the synthesis of collagen?

<p>Vitamin C (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a consequence of vitamin D deficiency in adults?

<p>Osteomalacia (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which nutrient primarily functions as a methyl group donor?

<p>Choline (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a symptom of biotin deficiency?

<p>Dermatitis (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a critical function of vitamin E?

<p>Antioxidant properties (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which vitamin is specifically required for homocysteine conversion to methionine?

<p>Vitamin B12 (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What can excessive intake of vitamin E lead to?

<p>Interference with gamma carboxylation (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a hallmark symptom of vitamin C deficiency?

<p>Bleeding gums (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a possible effect of insufficient folate intake?

<p>Megaloblastic anemia (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of pantothenic acid in the body?

<p>Acetyl-CoA synthesis (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which vitamin deficiency results in symptoms like hair loss and skin issues?

<p>Biotin (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role does magnesium play in vitamin D metabolism?

<p>Acts as a cofactor for 1α-hydroxylase (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary condition caused by a deficiency in thiamine?

<p>Beriberi (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following are symptoms of riboflavin deficiency?

<p>Stomatitis and glossitis (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What notable condition can arise due to a corn-based diet lacking niacin?

<p>Pellagra (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which vitamin is essential for the synthesis of acetyl-CoA?

<p>Vitamin B5 (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a common effect of vitamin B6 deficiency?

<p>Peripheral neuropathy (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a significant cause of thiamine deficiency in individuals with alcoholism?

<p>Malabsorption and malnutrition (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which vitamin deficiency is linked to the condition known as Hartnup disease?

<p>Vitamin B3 (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary method of treatment for thiamine deficiency?

<p>Intravenous administration of vitamin B1 (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of vitamin K in the body?

<p>Gamma-carboxylation of coagulation factors (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which vitamin deficiency is most commonly associated with bleeding problems?

<p>Vitamin K (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Vitamin C deficiency is primarily linked to which of the following conditions?

<p>Scurvy (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one of the key roles of biotin in the body?

<p>Cofactor for carboxylation reactions (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which vitamin is crucial in the conversion of homocysteine to methionine?

<p>Vitamin B12 (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What can lead to a deficiency in vitamin D?

<p>Lack of UVB sunlight exposure (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a symptom of vitamin E deficiency?

<p>Hemolytic anemia (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a characteristic symptom of vitamin A deficiency?

<p>Night blindness (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which vitamin is involved in the synthesis of acetylcholine?

<p>Choline (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What dietary source is highest in vitamin B12?

<p>Red meat (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a common effect of excessive vitamin A intake?

<p>Teratogenic effects (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which vitamin deficiency is linked to the '3Ds' symptoms?

<p>Vitamin B3 (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which vitamin's deficiency can lead to megaloblastic anemia?

<p>Vitamin B12 (A), Vitamin B9 (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What can inhibit the absorption of biotin?

<p>Consuming raw egg whites (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a key function of active vitamin K in the body?

<p>Carboxylation of glutamic acid residues (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following foods is a rich source of vitamin K?

<p>Kale (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which is a potential consequence of vitamin K deficiency in newborns?

<p>Hemolytic anemia (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary role of vitamin E in the body?

<p>Antioxidant protection (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which form of vitamin E is considered the most active?

<p>Alpha tocopherol (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What condition can result from vitamin E deficiency in newborns?

<p>Hemolysis (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does warfarin affect clotting factors in the body?

<p>Inhibits the production of clotting factors (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which vitamin is synthesized by gut microbiota?

<p>Vitamin K (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the toxicity level associated with vitamin E?

<p>Rare toxicity (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What could be a possible adverse effect of vitamin K supplementation in newborns?

<p>Jaundice (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a significant risk associated with the deficiency of Vitamin B9 (Folic Acid) during pregnancy?

<p>Neural tube defects (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which vitamin is involved in the conversion of homocysteine to methionine?

<p>Vitamin B12 (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What condition is primarily caused by severe thiamine (Vitamin B1) deficiency?

<p>Beriberi (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which fat-soluble vitamin is crucial for calcium homeostasis in the body?

<p>Vitamin D (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a potential outcome of long-term Vitamin C (Ascorbic Acid) deficiency?

<p>Scurvy (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which vitamin's deficiency can lead to neurological symptoms due to impaired fatty acid metabolism?

<p>Vitamin B12 (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which vitamin is known for its role in collagen synthesis and maintaining connective tissue?

<p>Vitamin C (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary vitamin deficiency concern associated with chronic alcoholism?

<p>Vitamin B12 (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which vital vitamin is known to regulate gene transcription similarly to steroid hormones?

<p>Vitamin D (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What adverse effect can excessive intake of Vitamin B6 (Pyridoxine) lead to?

<p>Neurological symptoms (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Water-soluble Vitamins

Vitamins dissolved in water, including B Vitamins (B1-B12) and Vitamin C.

Fat-soluble Vitamins

Vitamins dissolved in fat, including Vitamins A, D, E, and K.

Macronutrients

Nutrients needed in large amounts, such as carbs, protein, and fats.

Micronutrients

Nutrients needed in small amounts, such as vitamins and minerals.

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Vitamin C Deficiency

Results in scurvy, characterized by bleeding, hair, and connective tissue problems.

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Iron Deficiency

Most common nutritional deficiency globally; can lead to anemia.

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Macro Minerals

Minerals needed in large amounts, like calcium, magnesium, and sodium.

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Micro Minerals

Minerals needed in small amounts, like iron, zinc, and copper.

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Vitamin B1 Deficiency

Leads to beriberi, affecting nervous and cardiovascular systems.

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Mineral Toxicity

Excessive minerals can harm kidney tubules, possibly causing kidney failure.

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Vitamin vs. Mineral Difference

Vitamins are organic (contain carbon), minerals are inorganic elements. Vitamins act as coenzymes, minerals as cofactors for enzymes.

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Mineral Toxicity

Excessive mineral intake can be toxic to kidney tubules, potentially leading to kidney damage and acute tubular necrosis.

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Iron Deficiency Anemia

A condition caused by a lack of iron, resulting in insufficient red blood cell production leading to anemia.

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Macro- vs. Micro- Minerals

Macro-minerals are needed in amounts greater than 1 mg/day; Micro-minerals (trace elements) are needed in amounts less than 100-200 mg/day.

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Choline Deficiency

A deficiency in choline can result in fatty liver, elevated liver enzymes (ALT), and muscle weakness.

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Vitamin Toxicity

Excessive vitamin intake is generally tolerated by the kidneys, unlike mineral toxicity.

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Micronutrients

Vitamins and minerals required in smaller amounts daily than macronutrients (carbohydrates, proteins, and fats).

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Water-Soluble Vitamins

Vitamins B (complex) and Vitamin C; dissolve in water, requiring more frequent intake.

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Fat-Soluble Vitamins

Vitamins A, D, E, and K. Dissolve in fat, storing in the body longer.

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Mineral Deficiency

Macro-mineral deficiencies can be fatal; micro-mineral deficiencies are less severe.

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Vitamins vs. Minerals

Vitamins are organic compounds (containing carbon), while minerals are inorganic (without carbon). Both are essential micronutrients.

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Water-soluble Vitamins

Vitamins that dissolve in water (B vitamins and C), meaning they aren't stored in the body and need regular intake.

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Fat-soluble Vitamins

Vitamins that dissolve in fat (A, D, E, and K), meaning they can be stored in the body for longer periods.

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Micronutrients

Nutrients, including vitamins and minerals, needed in small amounts daily compared to macronutrients (carbs, proteins, and fats).

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Mineral Categories

Minerals are divided into macrominerals (needed in large amounts) and microminerals (needed in small amounts).

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Vitamin vs. Mineral Difference

Vitamins are organic molecules containing carbon, while minerals are inorganic and don't contain carbon. Vitamins act as coenzymes, minerals as cofactors.

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Mineral Toxicity: Effect on Kidneys

High mineral levels can damage the kidney tubules, leading to kidney failure.

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Iron Deficiency Anemia

A common deficiency causing low red blood cell production, resulting in fatigue and paleness.

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Water-Soluble Vitamins

Vitamins that dissolve in water (B vitamins and vitamin C) and need regular intake because they aren't stored.

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Macro vs. Micro Mineral

Macrominerals are needed in larger amounts (>1mg/day); microminerals (trace elements) are needed in smaller amounts (<100-200mg/day).

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Vitamin C Deficiency (Scurvy)

Lack of Vitamin C impacting collagen production, leading to bleeding, weak blood vessels.

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Vitamin B1 Deficiency (Beriberi)

A deficiency in Vitamin B1 affecting both nervous and cardiovascular systems.

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Micronutrient Toxicity in Minerals

Excess minerals can cause serious problems, including kidney damage like ATN (acute tubular necrosis).

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Folate/B12 Deficiency

Deficiencies in both folate and B12 can cause anemia.

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Choline Deficiency Effects

A choline deficiency can result in a fatty liver, increased ALT liver enzymes, and muscle weakness.

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Vitamin B1 deficiency

Leads to Beriberi, impacting nervous and cardiovascular systems.

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Beriberi types

Wet (heart), dry (nerves), gastrointestinal, and Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome, all due to vitamin B1 deficiency.

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Vitamin B1 (Thiamine) function

A coenzyme for many enzymes, particularly dehydrogenases, crucial for biochemical reactions.

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Vitamin B2 (Riboflavin) function

Component of FAD and FMN, vital for electron transport chain.

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Vitamin B3 (Niacin) source

Derived from Tryptophan: functions as NAD/NADP, crucial coenzymes in cellular energy and metabolism.

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Pellagra symptoms

Dermatitis, diarrhea, dementia: indicative of a Vitamin B3 deficiency.

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Water-soluble vitamins

Vitamins easily excreted by kidneys, with related lower risk of toxicity but higher for deficiencies.

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Vitamin B5 (Pantothenic Acid) role

Critical for Coenzyme A (CoA) synthesis, involved in many metabolic pathways, including the citric acid cycle and fatty acid metabolism.

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Vitamin A Deficiency

Leads to night blindness, dry skin/eyes/mouth, and potential bone/tooth issues.

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Vitamin A Excess

Can cause birth defects (teratogenic).

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Vitamin B1 Deficiency

Causes wet or dry beriberi, potentially Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome.

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Choline Deficiency

Can cause fatty liver disease, muscle weakness, and neurodevelopmental problems.

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Vitamin K Deficiency

Leads to bleeding disorders.

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Vitamin B7 (Biotin) Function

A coenzyme for carboxylase enzymes, essential for carboxylation reactions.

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Biotin Deficiency Symptoms

Dermatitis, alopecia (hair loss), and glossitis (inflammation of the tongue).

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Vitamin B9 (Folate) Role

Essential for DNA and RNA synthesis, cell replication, and one-carbon transfers.

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Folate Deficiency Effects

Megaloblastic anemia, neural tube defects (in pregnancy), developmental issues.

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Vitamin B12 (Cobalamin) Function

Essential for myelin sheath production (nerve insulation), DNA synthesis, and cell division.

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Vitamin C function

Antioxidant and collagen synthesis, involved in iron absorption.

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Vitamin K function

Essential for blood clotting (factor II, VII, IX, X).

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Vitamin K deficiency symptom

Excessive bleeding due to impaired blood clotting.

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Vitamin E function

A powerful antioxidant protecting cells.

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Vitamin E deficiency symptom

Nerve damage, muscle weakness, and hemolytic anemia.

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Vitamin D function

Hormone-like vitamin essential for calcium and phosphorus absorption for bone health.

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Vitamin A function

Essential for vision, cell growth, and immune function

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Choline function

Essential for acetylcholine synthesis (neurotransmitter), cell membrane structure, and lipid transport.

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Vitamin B1 (Thiamine) Function

A coenzyme for many enzymes, crucial for biochemical reactions, particularly dehydrogenases.

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Vitamin B1 Deficiency (Beriberi)

A deficiency in vitamin B1 leading to neurological (dry) and/or cardiovascular (wet) problems.

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Vitamin B2 (Riboflavin) Function

A component of FAD and FMN, essential for redox reactions in the electron transport chain, producing energy.

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Vitamin B3 (Niacin) Function

Synthesized from tryptophan, functions as a coenzyme (NAD/NADP) essential for cellular energy and metabolism.

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Pellagra Symptoms

A condition characterized by dermatitis, diarrhea, and dementia, resulting from vitamin B3 deficiency.

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Water-Soluble Vitamins

Vitamins dissolved in water, easily excreted through the kidneys, thus requiring more frequent intake than fat-soluble vitamins.

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Vitamin B Function

Crucial coenzymes in numerous biochemical reactions within the body.

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Vitamin B Complex

A group of 8 B vitamins working together in various metabolic pathways, crucial for maintaining health.

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Niacin function

Niacin is a precursor converting to NAD/NADP coenzymes vital for redox reactions and ATP production in the electron transport chain.

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Vitamin B5 role

Pantothenic acid forms Coenzyme A, crucial for lipid synthesis and metabolism.

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Vitamin B6 role

Pyridoxine activates enzymes for reactions like transamination. It's necessary for amino acid metabolism.

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Biotin function

Biotin acts as a coenzyme for carboxylase enzymes, crucial for carbohydrate metabolism.

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Vitamin C role

Ascorbic acid supports collagen synthesis, wound healing and iron absorption.

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Folate role

Folate facilitates one-carbon unit transfers in processes like DNA synthesis.

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Vitamin B12 function

Cobalamin catalyzes methionine formation and DNA synthesis; crucial for nerve health.

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Fat-soluble vitamins

Vitamins A, D, E, and K dissolve in fats, stored in the body.

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Vitamin K function

Vitamin K activates blood clotting factors, crucial for blood coagulation.

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Vitamin E role

Vitamin E is an antioxidant, protecting cells from free radical damage.

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Vitamin D role

Vitamin D acts as a hormone affecting calcium and phosphate absorption for healthy bones.

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Vitamin A role

Vitamin A crucial for vision and skin health.

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Choline function

Choline is a crucial nutrient mainly for methyl groups transfers.

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Vitamin K deficiency

Inadequate vitamin K leads to impairment of blood clotting, leading to bleeding disorders.

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Xerophthalmia

Dry eyes leading to corneal damage (keratomalacia).

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Choline Deficiency Symptoms

Fatty liver, muscle weakness, and elevated liver enzymes (ALT).

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Vitamin B1 (Thiamine) Deficiency

Leads to Wernicke-Korsakoff Syndrome: a neurological disorder with confusion, memory loss, and ataxia.

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Vitamin A Deficiency

Causes night blindness, dry eyes and other skin/mouth problems; possible bone and teeth issues.

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Vitamin K Deficiency Symptoms

Bleeding disorders due to impaired blood clotting.

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Pellagra

A condition marked by dermatitis, diarrhea, and dementia, resulting from a deficiency of niacin (vitamin B3).

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Vitamin E Deficiency

Causes retinopathy (eye damage), anemia, and neuropathy (nerve damage).

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Vitamin D Deficiency

Causes rickets in children and osteomalacia in adults; impacting bone health.

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Vitamin B1 (Thiamine) function

A coenzyme for enzymes, especially dehydrogenases, crucial for biochemical reactions

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Vitamin B1 Deficiency (Beriberi)

A deficiency in vitamin B1 leading to neurological (dry) and/or cardiovascular (wet) problems.

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Vitamin B2 (Riboflavin) function

A component of FAD and FMN, essential for redox reactions in the electron transport chain, producing energy.

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Vitamin B3 (Niacin) function

Synthesized from tryptophan, functions as a coenzyme (NAD/NADP) essential for cellular energy and metabolism.

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Pellagra Symptoms

A condition characterized by dermatitis, diarrhea, and dementia, resulting from a deficiency of niacin (vitamin B3).

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Vitamin B5 (Pantothenic Acid) role

Pantothenic acid forms Coenzyme A, crucial for lipid synthesis and metabolism.

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Vitamin B6 role

Pyridoxine activates enzymes for reactions like transamination. It's necessary for amino acid metabolism.

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Biotin function

Biotin acts as a coenzyme for carboxylase enzymes, crucial for carbohydrate metabolism.

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Isoniazid's effect on Vitamin B6

Isoniazid, an anti-tuberculosis drug, interferes with pyridoxal kinase, leading to Vitamin B6 deficiency.

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Biotin function

Biotin is a coenzyme for carboxylation reactions, crucial for metabolism.

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Raw egg whites & Biotin

Avidin in raw egg whites inhibits biotin absorption, potentially leading to deficiency.

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Biotin deficiency symptoms

Biotin deficiency causes dermatitis, glossitis, alopecia, and conjunctivitis.

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Vitamin C's role in collagen

Vitamin C is essential for collagen synthesis, by hydroxylating proline and lysine.

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Vitamin C & Iron Absorption

Vitamin C and stomach acid are crucial for iron absorption in the duodenum.

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Scurvy cause

Deficiency of Vitamin C results in scurvy, characterized by bleeding gums, skin hemorrhages, and weakness.

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Vitamin C and Methaemoglobinemia

Vitamin C converts ferric iron back to ferrous iron, allowing oxygen to bind to hemoglobin in methaemoglobinemia.

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Folate's role

Folate is needed for one-carbon transfers, DNA synthesis, and cell replication.

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Folates deficiency symptoms

Folate deficiency causes anemia, leukopenia, thrombocytopenia, and pancytopenia

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Vitamin B12 Structure

Vitamin B12 is a cobalt-containing compound crucial for homocysteine conversion to methionine, DNA synthesis, and cell replication.

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Vitamin B12 deficiency effects

Vitamin B12 deficiency can cause megaloblastic anemia, neurological symptoms, and elevated methylmalonic acid and homocysteine levels.

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Vitamin K activation

Vitamin K is involved in the gamma-carboxylation of clotting factors, affecting calcium binding and oxidative phosphorylation.

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Vitamin K's role in clotting

Vitamin K is essential for the carboxylation of glutamic acid to gamma-carboxyglutamate in clotting factors, crucial for blood clotting.

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Warfarin's mechanism

Warfarin indirectly inhibits the production of clotting factors, leading to decreased blood clot formation (blood thinning).

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Vitamin K sources

Dietary sources include leafy greens (kale, spinach), eggs, liver, combined with gut microbial synthesis.

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Newborn Vitamin K deficiency

Newborns often have insufficient Vitamin K due to sterile intestines and reduced gut bacterial synthesis.

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Vitamin K supplementation risk

Vitamin K supplementation in newborns can lead to toxicity, causing hemolytic anemia and jaundice.

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Vitamin E forms

Vitamin E (tocopherol) exists in eight natural forms, with alpha-tocopherol being the most active.

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Vitamin E sources

Good sources are vegetable oils, liver, and eggs.

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Vitamin E deficiency cause

Commonly occurs in newborns with low birth weights due to impaired lipid absorption/transport and other factors.

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Vitamin E Deficiency in Newborns

Vitamin E deficiency in newborns can cause hemolysis and retinopathy.

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Vitamin E toxicity rarity

Vitamin E toxicity is extremely uncommon, making it the least toxic fat-soluble vitamin.

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Water-soluble vitamins

Vitamins dissolved in water, easily excreted in urine, including B vitamins and vitamin C.

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Fat-soluble vitamins

Vitamins dissolved in fat, stored in the liver, including vitamins A, D, E, and K.

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Vitamin B9 (Folate)

Essential for DNA synthesis, crucial during pregnancy, deficiency linked to neural tube defects.

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Vitamin B12 (Cobalamin)

Crucial for enzymatic reactions (homocysteine to methionine, methylmalonyl CoA isomerization), obtained from animal products.

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Vitamin C (Ascorbic Acid)

Water-soluble vitamin, antioxidant, crucial for collagen synthesis and wound healing.

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Vitamin B1 (Thiamine)

Crucial for energy metabolism, deficiency causes beriberi, impacting nervous and cardiovascular systems.

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Vitamin B3 (Niacin)

Precursor for NAD/NADP, crucial for cellular energy metabolism, deficiency causes pellagra (3 Ds).

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Vitamin D

Hormone-like vitamin, crucial for calcium absorption and healthy bones, derived from sunlight, liver, and kidneys.

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Vitamin K

Vitamin needed for blood clotting, crucial for coagulation cascade.

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Vitamin A

Essential for vision, skin health, and reproduction, stored in the liver, comes from animal tissues and plants.

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Study Notes

Vitamins & Minerals

  • Vitamins contain carbon and are organic; Minerals do not have carbon and are inorganic.
  • Vitamins are coenzymes or precursors to coenzymes, while minerals are cofactors.
  • Vitamins are divided into water-soluble and fat-soluble, and minerals into macro minerals (major minerals) and micro minerals (trace minerals).
  • While vitamins are mostly safe in excess, mineral overdose can be toxic to kidney tubules, potentially leading to kidney failure.
  • Excess iron or copper is more likely to cause kidney damage than excess vitamins.

Macronutrients & Micronutrients

  • Macronutrients are needed in large amounts per day and include carbohydrates, proteins, and fats.
  • Micronutrients are needed in smaller amounts and include vitamins and minerals.

Water-soluble Vitamins

  • Include all B Vitamins (B1, B2, B3, B5, B6, B7, B9, and B12), and Vitamin C
  • B9 is the same as folate or folic acid.
  • Choline, an important nutrient, acts much like a water-soluble vitamin.

Fat-soluble Vitamins

  • Include Vitamins A, D, E, and K.
  • Vitamin D is also considered a hormone.

Minerals

  • Macro Minerals (Required in doses greater than 1 mg/day)
    • Calcium
    • Magnesium
    • Sodium
    • Potassium
    • Chloride
    • Phosphate
  • Micro Minerals/Trace Minerals (Required in doses less than 100–200 mg/day)
    • Iron (Ferrous and Ferric)
    • Iodide
    • Zinc
    • Copper

Deficiencies

  • Macro Minerals
    • Deficiency can be life-threatening.
    • For example, low sodium can lead to coma and death.
    • High or low potassium can stop the heart.
  • **Micro Minerals **
    • Deficiency can be serious but not fatal like macro minerals.
    • For example, zinc deficiency can cause loss of taste and smell.
    • Calcium deficiency can lead to heart stopping during systole.

Nutritional Deficiencies

  • Vitamin C: Scurvy, characterized by bleeding spots on the skin, cork-screw hair pattern, and connective tissue problems.
  • Vitamin B1: (Thiamine) Beriberi, with dry and wet types affecting the nervous and cardiovascular systems respectively.
  • Vitamin B9 (Folate) & Vitamin B12: Anemia
  • Vitamin B6 & Vitamin B12 & Vitamin E: Nerve problems
  • Vitamin K: Bleeding due to blood clotting issues
  • Vitamin D: Bone problems
  • Vitamin A: Night blindness, also called nyctalopia
  • Choline: Fatty liver, elevated ALT, and muscle weakness.

Iron Deficiency

  • The most common nutritional deficiency worldwide.
  • Leads to iron deficient anemia.
  • Symptoms include fatigue, paleness.

Heavy Metal Toxicity

  • Can lead to kidney damage:
    • Nephrotoxic acute tubular necrosis
    • Renal tubular acidosis
  • Common heavy metals include lead and mercury.

Other Important Points

  • While there are many types of vitamins and minerals, each has a specific role in the body.
  • Understanding the differences between vitamins and minerals, their functions, and their deficiencies can give you a comprehensive understanding of human nutrition.
  • Always consult a healthcare professional for personalized nutritional advice.

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Description

This quiz covers the essential differences between vitamins and minerals, their classifications, and the implications of excess intake. Learn about macronutrients and micronutrients, including the roles of water-soluble vitamins in your diet. Test your understanding of these vital nutrients.

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