Vitamins: Classification and Function

What are the two criteria a substance must satisfy to be classified as a vitamin?

Vitamins provide the body with calories for energy.

What are the two main groups vitamins are classified into based on solubility?

Fat-soluble vitamins can only be absorbed in the presence of dietary _____.

Fat-soluble vitamins are readily excreted and cannot be stored in the body.

Which vitamin was the first fat-soluble vitamin to be discovered?

Vitamin A is found only in animal foods, mainly as _____.

Plants provide precursors of vitamin A in the form of orange-yellow pigments called _____.

The chief source of provitamin A carotenoids in human nutrition is _____.

Beta-carotene is converted to vitamin A in the _____ _____ during absorption.

How many micrograms (mcg) of retinol are equivalent to 1 International Unit (IU) of Vitamin A?

Vitamin A is necessary for normal _____ and development.

In vision, Vitamin A is a component of _____, also known as visual purple, found in the retina's light receptor cells.

The inability of a person to see well in dim light, often an early sign of vitamin A deficiency, is called night blindness or _____.

Vitamin A is crucial for maintaining the health of _____ tissues, which cover body surfaces and line cavities.

In vitamin A deficiency, normal mucus-secreting cells in epithelial tissues can be replaced by keratin-producing cells, leading to a dry, horny condition called _____.

The pathological process involving the drying of the conjunctiva and cornea due to Vitamin A deficiency is termed _____.

Vitamin A, mainly as _____ acid, acts like a hormone to regulate cell differentiation in tissues and organs.

Vitamin A deficiency impairs the _____ function, compromising barriers like epithelial tissues and affecting T-cell mediated responses.

Vitamin A deficiency is consistently associated with an _____-deficiency type of anaemia.

What is the richest animal food source of vitamin A (retinol)?

What nutrient found in plant foods is the precursor to vitamin A?

_____, a carotenoid found in tomatoes, is an antioxidant known to protect against vascular degeneration and may reduce prostate cancer risk.

According to Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR) 2000 recommendations, what is the Recommended Dietary Allowance (RDA) of Vitamin A (retinol) for an adult man or woman?

What is the term for the collective clinical manifestations of vitamin A deficiency, particularly affecting the eye?

Taking very large doses (overdosage) of vitamin A is generally safe.

Vitamin D is sometimes called the '_____ vitamin' because it can be synthesized in the skin upon exposure to sunlight.

Vitamin D functions as a _____-hormone, playing a role in calcium and phosphorus metabolism.

In the skin, sunlight converts the precursor 7-_____ to vitamin D.

What are the two primary functions of the active form of Vitamin D (calcitriol) related to bone health?

Common foods are generally excellent sources of Vitamin D.

What are the richest known food sources of Vitamin D?

Vitamin D deficiency in children leads to a condition called _____, characterized by poor growth and bone deformities.

In adults, Vitamin D deficiency can lead to _____, a condition where bones become soft and weak.

Excessive intake of Vitamin D supplements is safe and has no adverse effects.

Vitamin E, also known as _____, is a fat-soluble vitamin whose main function is as an antioxidant.

Vitamin E protects polyunsaturated ______ ______ in cell membranes from oxidative damage.

The trace mineral _____ works in partnership with Vitamin E as an antioxidant.

What are the richest food sources of Vitamin E?

The major dietary form of Vitamin K found in plants is _____.

The primary function of Vitamin K is its essential role in the _____ _____ process.

Vitamin K is essential for the formation of _____ and other clotting factors by the liver.

What are the principal dietary sources of Vitamin K?

Why is Vitamin K often administered to newborn infants?

The use of _____ drugs or _____ can kill intestinal bacteria that synthesize Vitamin K, potentially leading to deficiency.