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Questions and Answers
What is a significant role of Vitamin D in the body?
Which vitamin is associated with the prevention of hemorrhagic disease?
What deficiency can lead to the development of beriberi?
Which vitamin is responsible for enhancing Vitamin A activity?
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What condition is associated with a deficiency of Vitamin C?
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Which food sources are highest in Vitamin B2 (Riboflavin)?
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What is the primary function of Vitamin B5 (Pantothenic acid)?
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What is a potential effect of hypercarotenemia?
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What condition is characterized by delayed closure of fontanelles associated with Vitamin D deficiency?
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Which of the following is NOT a symptom associated with Vitamin E deficiency?
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Which food source is least likely to be a significant source of Vitamin K?
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What is a significant consequence of vitamin B6 deficiency?
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Which vitamin is most directly involved in the metabolism of carbohydrates, fats, and proteins?
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What food source is rich in Vitamin A?
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What dietary component enhances the activity of Vitamin C and helps in tissue integrity?
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What potential adverse effect is associated with excess intake of Vitamin D?
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Which vitamin is primarily responsible for energy metabolism and cell health integrity?
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Which of the following factors can contribute to delayed clotting seen with Vitamin K deficiency?
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Study Notes
Vitamin A
- Retinol is a fat-soluble vitamin responsible for pigment in the retina, promoting healthy vision.
- Sources: margarine, skimmed milk, leafy green vegetables
- Deficiency: Bitot’s spots (grey patches on the cornea), xerophthalmia (dryness of the conjunctiva and cornea), night blindness
- Excess: hypercarotenemia (yellowing of the skin due to accumulation of carotenoids)
Vitamin D
- Calciferol is a fat-soluble vitamin important for calcium and phosphorus absorption, facilitating normal growth, bone and teeth development.
- Sources: fatty fishes, dairy products, sunlight exposure
- Deficiency: tetany (muscle spasms), rickets (bone weakness in children), osteomalacia (bone softening in adults), delayed closure of fontanelles
- Excess: Hypercalcemia (high blood calcium levels), renal damage, teeth malformations
Vitamin E
- Tocopherol is a fat-soluble antioxidant, enhancing vitamin A activity and protecting vitamin C potency. It supports skin and tissue integrity.
- Sources: nuts, seeds, spinach
- Deficiency: Hemolysis (destruction of red blood cells), ataxia (impaired coordination), increased risk of bleeding, vision impairments
Vitamin K
- Phylloquinone and Menadione, both fat-soluble, play a vital role in blood clotting (coagulation), bone health, and prevent calcium buildup in arteries.
- Sources: liver, dark green leafy vegetables
- Deficiency: Hemorrhagic disease (excessive bleeding), delayed clotting, bleeding and bruising tendencies, weakened arterial walls
- Excess: Hyperbilirubinemia (increased bilirubin levels), possible liver damage
Vitamin C
- Ascorbic acid is a water-soluble antioxidant, crucial for immune system function, iron absorption, and collagen synthesis.
- Sources: Broccoli, brussel sprouts, citrus fruits, tomatoes
- Deficiency: Scurvy (bleeding gums, fatigue), Cholelithiosis (gallstones), hemochromatosis (iron overload)
Vitamin B1 (Thiamine)
- Thiamine is a water-soluble vitamin essential for appetite, muscle tone, nerve function, and carbohydrate metabolism.
- Sources: Lean pork, pork liver, legumes
- Deficiency: Beriberi (nerve damage, heart problems), Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome (memory impairment, confusion)
- Excess: Anaphylaxis (severe allergic reaction)
Vitamin B2 (Riboflavin)
- Riboflavin is a water-soluble vitamin crucial for skin integrity, tongue and mouth health, normal vision, and proper growth and development.
- Sources: Animal sources, cheese, milk, eggs
- Deficiency: Ariboflavinosis (cheilosis - cracked lips, glossitis – tongue inflammation)
- Excess: Photophobia (sensitivity to light), Flavinuria (excretion of excess riboflavin in urine, potential risk for kidney stones)
Niacin
- Nicotinic acid is a water-soluble vitamin involved in energy metabolism, cell health, and cholesterol metabolism.
- Sources: Animal sources, liver
- Deficiency: Pellagra (diarrhea, dermatitis, dementia)
- Excess: Niacin flush (redness and flushing of the skin), hepatotoxicity (liver damage)
Vitamin B5 (Pantothenic Acid)
- Pantothenic acid is a water-soluble vitamin crucial for the synthesis and breakdown of fatty acids, cholesterol regulation, and neurotransmitter synthesis.
- Sources: Beef and chicken liver
- Deficiency: Burning feet syndrome, gastrointestinal issues, water retention
Vitamin B6 (Pyridoxine)
- Pyridoxine is a water-soluble vitamin essential for metabolism, conversion of tryptophan to niacin, and production of neurotransmitters.
- Sources: Corn oil, cottonseed oil, olive oil, peanuts
- Deficiency: Anemia, neurological issues (ataxia - loss of muscle coordination, long-term neurological problems)
Vitamin B7 (Biotin)
- Biotin is a water-soluble vitamin crucial for the metabolism of carbohydrates, fats, and proteins.
- Sources: Liver, egg yolks, nuts, seeds, dairy
- Deficiency: Hair loss, brittle nails, skin rash, fatigue, depression, neurological issues
Vitamin A (Retinol)
- Plays a crucial role in vision, particularly in the retina.
- Found in sources such as margarine, skimmed milk, and leafy green vegetables.
- Deficiency can lead to conditions like Bitot's spots (white patches on the conjunctiva) and xerophthalmia (dryness of the eye).
- Excess intake may result in hypercarotenemia, causing the skin to turn yellow.
Vitamin D (Calciferol)
- Essential for calcium and phosphorus absorption in the body – crucial for bone and teeth formation.
- Obtained from fatty fishes, dairy products and sunlight exposure.
- Deficiency contributes to tetany, rickets (softening of bones) and osteomalacia (bone weakening), delayed closure of fontanelles.
- Severe deficiency can cause renal damage, hypercalcemia (high blood calcium levels), and tooth malformation.
Vitamin E (Tocopherol)
- Acts as an antioxidant, protecting cell membranes from damage.
- Enhances vitamin A activity and protects vitamin C potency.
- Essential for skin and tissue integrity.
- Found in nuts, seeds, and spinach.
- Deficiency can lead to hemolysis (red blood cell breakdown), ataxia (loss of muscle coordination), bleeding tendencies, and vision impairments.
Vitamin K (Phylloquinone, Menadione)
- Crucial for blood clotting and bone health.
- Reduces calcium buildup in arteries.
- Present in liver and dark green leafy vegetables.
- Deficiency can cause hemorrhagic disease with excessive bleeding, delayed clotting (over 8-15 seconds), and weakened arterial walls.
- Can also lead to hyperbilirubinemia (jaundice).
Vitamin C (Ascorbic Acid)
- Functions as a potent antioxidant.
- Essential for immune system function.
- Increases iron absorption.
- Found in sources like broccoli, Brussels sprouts, citrus fruits, and tomatoes.
- Deficiency results in scurvy (characterized by fatigue, weakness, and bleeding gums).
- May also contribute to cholelithiosis (gallstones) and hemochromatosis (iron overload).
Vitamin B1 (Thiamine)
- Crucial for appetite, muscle tone, and nerve function.
- Deficiency leads to beriberi (a condition with cardiovascular, neurological and muscular symptoms) and Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome (neurological disorder).
- Found in lean pork, pork liver, and legumes.
- Allergic reactions, including anaphylaxis, can occur.
Vitamin B2 (Riboflavin)
- Plays a role in skin integrity, tongue and mouth health, normal vision, and proper growth and development.
- Essential for glutathione reductase activity.
- Found in animal sources like cheese, milk, and eggs.
- Deficiency causes ariboflavinosis, manifesting as cheilosis (cracking at the corners of the mouth), glossitis (inflammation of the tongue), photophobia (sensitivity to light), and flavinuria (increased riboflavin in urine).
Vitamin B3 (Niacin)
- Essential for energy metabolism, cell health, cholesterol metabolism.
- Found in animal sources, particularly liver.
- Deficiency leads to pellagra characterized by diarrhoea, dermatitis, and dementia.
- Toxicity may cause niacin flush (redness and flushing of the skin) and hepatotoxicity (liver damage).
Vitamin B5 (Pantothenic Acid)
- Crucial for the synthesis and breakdown of fatty acids.
- Contributes to cholesterol regulation and neurotransmitter synthesis.
- Found in beef and chicken liver.
- Deficiency can manifest as burning feet syndrome, digestive issues, and water retention.
Vitamin B6 (Pyridoxine)
- Vital for metabolism, including the conversion of tryptophan to niacin.
- Essential for the production of neurotransmitters for mood, sleep, and cognitive function.
- Found in corn oil, cottonseed oil, olive oil, and peanuts.
- Deficiency may lead to anemia, neurological problems, ataxia, and potential long-term neurological issues.
Vitamin B7 (Biotin)
- Functions as a coenzyme in the metabolism of carbohydrates, fats, and proteins.
- It is found in egg yolks, liver, and nuts.
- Deficiency can cause hair loss, skin rashes, and fatigue.
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Description
This quiz covers essential fat-soluble vitamins, focusing on Vitamin A, D, and E. It examines their functions, sources, deficiency symptoms, and potential excess effects. Test your knowledge and understanding of these vital nutrients for healthy living.
