Vitamin Essentials

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Which of the following is NOT a dietary source of vitamin A?

Dairy

Egg yolk

Fish oils (correct)

Liver

Which of the following is a function of retinaldehyde in the body?

Carrying vitamin A in blood

Regulating gene expression

Functioning as a light-sensitive pigment in vision (correct)

Aiding in lipid digestion

Which of the following is a clinical sign of vitamin A deficiency?

Night blindness (correct)

Excess hair growth

Increased blood clotting

Weight gain

Which vitamin is responsible for the regulation of calcium absorption and homeostasis, as well as some immune functions?

Vitamin D Signup and view all the answers

Which vitamin is an antioxidant in cell membranes and limits radical damage from oxidation of polyunsaturated fatty acids?

Vitamin E Signup and view all the answers

Which vitamin is a cofactor for enzymes involved in carboxylation and necessary for the formation of prothrombin and other clotting factors?

Vitamin K Signup and view all the answers

Which vitamin is known as the main reducing agent and is involved in hydroxylation reactions, collagen synthesis, and promotion of iron absorption in the intestine?

Vitamin C Signup and view all the answers

Which syndrome is the third most common cause of dementia in the USA?

Wernicke-Korsakoff Syndrome Signup and view all the answers

Which vitamin deficiency can lead to photosensitive dermatitis, diarrhea, and dementia?

Niacin (B3) Signup and view all the answers

Which vitamin is necessary for the synthesis of DNA and is particularly important during pregnancy?

Folic acid (B9) Signup and view all the answers

Which vitamin is required for the proper functioning of leucine aminopeptidase, methylmalonyl-CoA mutase, and methionine synthase?

Vitamin B12 (Cobalamin) Signup and view all the answers

Which one of the following is true about the normal flora and pathogens in the human body?

Normal flora are beneficial, while pathogens can cause disease Signup and view all the answers

How are pathogens transmitted?

Pathogens can be transmitted through various routes, such as air, water, and vectors Signup and view all the answers

What is the difference between endotoxins and exotoxins?

Endotoxins are released when bacteria die, while exotoxins are actively secreted by bacteria Signup and view all the answers

Which type of bacterial toxin is released from the bacterial cell due to cell lysis or turnover?

Endotoxin Signup and view all the answers

Which type of bacterial toxin is primarily produced by Gram-positive bacteria?

Exotoxin Signup and view all the answers

Which type of bacterial toxin can cause a polyclonal expansion of T cells leading to a shock syndrome?

Superantigen Signup and view all the answers

Which type of bacterial toxin is released on bacterial cell lysis?

Exotoxin Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a mechanism that pathogens use to evade the immune system?

All of the above Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a portal of entry for pathogens?

Excretion Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a virulence factor that allows bacteria to establish a stable population within the host?

Adhesion Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a biochemical virulence factor that facilitates the spread and invasion of pathogens?

Invasins Signup and view all the answers

Vitamin Essentials

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Questions and Answers

Which of the following is NOT a dietary source of vitamin A?

Which of the following is a function of retinaldehyde in the body?

Which of the following is a clinical sign of vitamin A deficiency?

Which vitamin is responsible for the regulation of calcium absorption and homeostasis, as well as some immune functions?

Which vitamin is an antioxidant in cell membranes and limits radical damage from oxidation of polyunsaturated fatty acids?

Which vitamin is a cofactor for enzymes involved in carboxylation and necessary for the formation of prothrombin and other clotting factors?

Which vitamin is known as the main reducing agent and is involved in hydroxylation reactions, collagen synthesis, and promotion of iron absorption in the intestine?

Which syndrome is the third most common cause of dementia in the USA?

Which vitamin deficiency can lead to photosensitive dermatitis, diarrhea, and dementia?

Which vitamin is necessary for the synthesis of DNA and is particularly important during pregnancy?

Which vitamin is required for the proper functioning of leucine aminopeptidase, methylmalonyl-CoA mutase, and methionine synthase?

Which one of the following is true about the normal flora and pathogens in the human body?

How are pathogens transmitted?

What is the difference between endotoxins and exotoxins?

Which type of bacterial toxin is released from the bacterial cell due to cell lysis or turnover?

Which type of bacterial toxin is primarily produced by Gram-positive bacteria?

Which type of bacterial toxin can cause a polyclonal expansion of T cells leading to a shock syndrome?

Which type of bacterial toxin is released on bacterial cell lysis?

Which of the following is a mechanism that pathogens use to evade the immune system?

Which of the following is NOT a portal of entry for pathogens?

Which of the following is a virulence factor that allows bacteria to establish a stable population within the host?

Which of the following is a biochemical virulence factor that facilitates the spread and invasion of pathogens?

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