Vital Signs: Pulse & Heart Rate
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Questions and Answers

Which of the following statements accurately describes the location of the heart within the thoracic cavity?

  • The heart is situated in the mediastinum, between the pleural cavities. (correct)
  • The heart is located within the pleural cavities, surrounding the lungs.
  • The heart is found within the abdominal cavity, alongside the stomach and intestines.
  • The heart is positioned directly beneath the diaphragm.

    • The heart is enclosed by a sac called the pericardium. What is the primary function of the pericardium?

  • The pericardium carries oxygenated blood to the heart.
  • The pericardium acts as a valve, regulating blood flow in and out of the heart.
  • The pericardium anchors and protects the heart, preventing it from shifting during contractions. (correct)
  • The pericardium helps pump blood throughout the body.

    • Which of the following vessels brings deoxygenated blood from the lower body to the right atrium?

  • Aorta
  • Inferior vena cava (correct)
  • Superior vena cava
  • Pulmonary artery

    • What is the primary reason why ventricular walls are thicker than atrial walls?

    <p>The ventricles are responsible for generating force to pump blood through the systemic and pulmonary circulations. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The heart is divided into four chambers. Which of these chambers receives deoxygenated blood from the body?

    <p>Right atrium (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following structures is responsible for generating the electrical signal that initiates a heartbeat?

    <p>Sinoatrial node (SA node) (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the name of the electrical event that restores the electrical potential of the atrium back to normal after the passing of a positive current during depolarization?

    <p>Repolarization (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During which phase of the cardiac cycle do the atrioventricular (AV) valves close?

    <p>Ventricular systole (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the name of the structures that prevent the free edges of the AV valves from swinging upward into the atria during ventricular contraction?

    <p>Chordae tendinae (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During which part of the cardiac cycle does the semilunar valves open?

    <p>When ventricular pressure exceeds aortic pressure (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a location where you can assess pulse?

    <p>Pulmonary artery (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the volume of blood ejected from the ventricle during a single heartbeat?

    <p>Stroke volume (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following factors influences cardiac output?

    <p>Both heart rate and stroke volume (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of sympathetic nervous system activation on heart rate?

    <p>It increases heart rate (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the name of the condition where heart rate is less than 60 beats per minute?

    <p>Bradycardia (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a component of the cardiac conduction system?

    <p>Pulmonary veins (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following describes the location of the apex of the heart?

    <p>Slightly to the left of the midline in the chest cavity (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the name of the electrical event that reflects ventricular contraction?

    <p>QRS complex (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following heart valves is responsible for preventing backflow of blood from the right ventricle into the right atrium?

    <p>Tricuspid valve (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the name of the condition where a heart valve does not close all the way, resulting in a swishing sound during auscultation?

    <p>Valvular insufficiency (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is associated with the end of ventricular diastole?

    <p>Opening of the atrioventricular valves (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Flashcards

    Heart Location

    The heart is located in the mediastinum within the pericardial cavity.

    Pericardium

    The pericardium is a protective sac that anchors the heart.

    Heart Chambers

    The heart has four chambers: two atria and two ventricles.

    Interatrial Septum

    The interatrial septum prevents mixing of blood in the atria.

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    Ventricular Walls

    Ventricular walls are thicker than atrial walls for strong pumping.

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    Coronary Sinus

    A large vein that collects deoxygenated blood from the heart muscle and returns it to the right atrium.

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    Right Ventricle

    Chamber that pumps deoxygenated blood into the pulmonary trunk.

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    Left Ventricle

    Chamber that pumps oxygenated blood into the aorta.

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    Atrial Syncytium

    Functional unit of the heart responsible for atrial contraction.

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    Ventricular Syncytium

    Functional unit of the heart responsible for ventricular contraction.

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    SA Node

    Pacemaker of the heart that generates electrical signals.

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    AV Node

    Node that receives the electrical signal from the SA node and delays it.

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    Electrocardiogram (ECG)

    Device that assesses the heart's electrical activity.

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    P Wave

    Represents atrial depolarization on an ECG.

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    QRS Complex

    Represents ventricular depolarization on an ECG.

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    Heart Sounds (S1 and S2)

    Sounds resulting from valve closures during the cardiac cycle.

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    Cardiac Output

    Volume of blood pumped by the heart per minute, affected by heart rate and stroke volume.

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    Stroke Volume

    Volume of blood ejected during a single heartbeat.

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    Tachycardia

    Condition where heart rate exceeds 100 beats per minute.

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    Study Notes

    Vital Signs: Pulse & Heart Rate

    • The heart is a hollow, cone-shaped organ located in the mediastinum, between the pleural cavities, and within the pericardial cavity.
    • The pericardium anchors and protects the heart.
    • The esophagus and trachea lie posterior to the heart.

    The Heart's Internal Structure

    • The heart has four compartments (chambers): two atria (superior) and two ventricles (inferior).
    • Ventricular walls are thicker than atrial walls to pump blood to the systemic and pulmonary circulation.
    • The interatrial and interventricular septa prevent blood mixing between the chambers.
    • The right atrium receives deoxygenated blood from the superior vena cava, inferior vena cava, and coronary sinus.
    • The right ventricle pumps deoxygenated blood into the pulmonary trunk.
    • The left atrium receives oxygenated blood from the pulmonary veins; the left ventricle pumps oxygenated blood into the aorta.

    The Cardiac Cycle

    • The cardiac cycle involves alternating atrial and ventricular contraction and relaxation.
    • Atrial contraction pushes blood into the ventricles.
    • Ventricular contraction forces blood into the pulmonary trunk or aorta.
    • Heart valves (atrioventricular and semilunar) ensure one-way blood flow.
    • Electrical activity from the SA node initiates the cycle.
    • The electrical impulses cause the heart muscles to contract, creating heart sounds (S1 and S2).

    Heart Sounds and Assessment

    • Heart sounds (S1 and S2) are related to valve closure-- S1 is usually heard first followed by S2.
    • Auscultation enables assessing heart sounds and heart rate.
    • Physicians listen for heart sounds in multiple locations and associate them with specific valves.
    • Heart rate is measured at the point of maximal impulse.
    • Identifying irregular heart sounds may indicate a problem.

    Cardiac Output

    • Cardiac output (CO) is the volume of blood ejected by the heart per minute. It is calculated as heart rate (HR) multiplied by stroke volume (SV).
    • Stroke volume (SV) is the volume of blood ejected per heartbeat and is calculated as end diastolic volume (EDV) minus end systolic volume (ESV).
    • Physiological factors influence cardiac output.
    • The autonomic nervous system regulates cardiac output by influencing heart rate and stroke volume.
    • Sympathetic activity increases HR & SV; parasympathetic activity decreases HR.

    Heart Rate

    • Heart rate refers to the number of contractions per minute.
    • HR is measured by palpating or auscultating.
    • The pulse can be felt in various locations depending on the artery.

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    Related Documents

    Week 1 Lecture Outline - Vital Signs & Heart Rate PDF

    Description

    This quiz covers the fundamentals of pulse, heart rate, and the internal structure of the heart. Learn about the heart's chambers, blood flow, and the cardiac cycle. Test your knowledge on how the heart functions to circulate blood within the body.

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