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Questions and Answers
What is the act of breathing called?
What is the act of breathing called?
What is the term for the movement of air in and out of the lungs?
What is the term for the movement of air in and out of the lungs?
Which type of breathing is characterized by the movement of the chest?
Which type of breathing is characterized by the movement of the chest?
Which type of breathing is characterized by the movement of the abdomen?
Which type of breathing is characterized by the movement of the abdomen?
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Normal breathing is effortful.
Normal breathing is effortful.
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How long does a normal adult inspiration last?
How long does a normal adult inspiration last?
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Expiration takes about twice as long as inspiration.
Expiration takes about twice as long as inspiration.
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Which of the following should a nurse be aware of when assessing respiration?
Which of the following should a nurse be aware of when assessing respiration?
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Which of the following is NOT a characteristic assessed during respiration?
Which of the following is NOT a characteristic assessed during respiration?
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What is the term for a normal rate and depth of breathing?
What is the term for a normal rate and depth of breathing?
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What is the term for abnormally slow breathing?
What is the term for abnormally slow breathing?
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What is the term for the absence of breathing?
What is the term for the absence of breathing?
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What is the average tidal volume?
What is the average tidal volume?
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Which of the following is characterized by a very deep and rapid respiration?
Which of the following is characterized by a very deep and rapid respiration?
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Which of the following is characterized by very shallow respiration?
Which of the following is characterized by very shallow respiration?
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What is the term for the regularity of inspiration and expiration?
What is the term for the regularity of inspiration and expiration?
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Normal breathing is silent and effortless.
Normal breathing is silent and effortless.
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Which of the following is a characteristic of labored breathing?
Which of the following is a characteristic of labored breathing?
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Abnormal breathing sounds can provide clues to a medical condition.
Abnormal breathing sounds can provide clues to a medical condition.
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What is the term for the amount of oxygen in the blood?
What is the term for the amount of oxygen in the blood?
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What device is used to measure pulse rate and oxygen saturation?
What device is used to measure pulse rate and oxygen saturation?
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Which of the following is NOT a factor that affects respiration?
Which of the following is NOT a factor that affects respiration?
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Which of the following is a common error in assessing blood pressure?
Which of the following is a common error in assessing blood pressure?
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What is the term for the pressure of blood when the ventricles are contracting?
What is the term for the pressure of blood when the ventricles are contracting?
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What is the term for the pressure of blood when the ventricles are at rest?
What is the term for the pressure of blood when the ventricles are at rest?
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What is the difference between diastolic and systolic pressure?
What is the difference between diastolic and systolic pressure?
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Pulse pressure can increase due to arteriosclerosis.
Pulse pressure can increase due to arteriosclerosis.
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Pulse pressure can decrease due to heart failure.
Pulse pressure can decrease due to heart failure.
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What is the average blood pressure for a healthy adult?
What is the average blood pressure for a healthy adult?
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What is the term for high blood pressure?
What is the term for high blood pressure?
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High blood pressure typically has no symptoms.
High blood pressure typically has no symptoms.
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Which of the following can contribute to hypertension?
Which of the following can contribute to hypertension?
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What is the term for a decrease in blood pressure when standing up?
What is the term for a decrease in blood pressure when standing up?
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Which of the following can cause orthostatic hypotension?
Which of the following can cause orthostatic hypotension?
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What is the term for the instrument used to measure blood pressure?
What is the term for the instrument used to measure blood pressure?
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What are the different types of sphygmomanometers?
What are the different types of sphygmomanometers?
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Study Notes
Vital Signs
- Vital signs include respiration and blood pressure.
- Respiration is measured in breaths per minute.
- Inspiration is inhaling air into the lungs, expiration is exhaling gases.
- One breath consists of one inhalation and one exhalation.
- There are two main types of breathing: costal (thoracic) and diaphragmatic (abdominal).
- Costal breathing uses intercostal muscles for moving the chest, diaphragmatic breathing uses the diaphragm.
- Normal breathing is automatic and effortless.
- Normal adult inspiration is 1-1.5 seconds and expiration is 2-3 seconds.
- Expiration takes twice as long as inspiration.
- When assessing respiration, consider the client's normal pattern, health problems, medications, and cardiovascular function.
- Assess rate, depth, rhythm, quality, and effectiveness of respiration.
- Eupnea is normal respiration rate and depth (12-20 breaths per minute).
- Bradypnea is abnormally slow respiration (<12 breaths per minute).
- Tachypnea/polypnea is abnormally fast respiration (>20 breaths per minute).
- Apnea is absence of breathing.
- Assessing depth/volume: normal is 500 mL, deep is over 500 mL, shallow is under 500 mL.
- Hyperventilation is very deep, rapid respiration.
- Hypoventilation is very shallow respiration.
- Regualrity of inspiration and expiration is assessed using rhythm.
- Normal breathing is silent and effortless. Labored breathing shows effort in breathing with substantial effort.
- Abnormal breathing sounds like wheezing can be detected.
- The effectiveness of respiration is measured partially by uptake of oxygen and release of carbon dioxide from the blood.
- Pulse oximeter is used to check pulse rate and oxygen saturation in arterial blood.
Factors Affecting Respiration
- Factors increasing respiration rate (RR): exercise, stress, increased environmental temperature, low oxygen concentration, fever, health status such as anemia.
- Factors decreasing respiration rate: decreased environmental temperature, certain medications, increased intracranial pressure, body position affecting inhaled air.
Blood Pressure
- Blood pressure is the force exerted by blood on artery walls and measured using a sphygmomanometer, stethoscope, and cuff.
- Systolic pressure is the pressure when the heart contracts.
- Diastolic pressure is pressure when the heart relaxes.
- Pulse pressure is the difference between systolic and diastolic pressure, usually 40 mmHg.
- Blood pressure is measured in millimeters of mercury (mmHg).
- Normal systolic blood pressure is 120 and diastolic is 80, stated as 120/80 mmHg.
- Factors affecting BP: age, exercise, stress, race, gender, medication, obesity, diurnal variation, and medical conditions.
Hypertension
- Hypertension is persistently high blood pressure.
- It's often asymptomatic but can lead to complications like a myocardial infarction (MI).
- Primary hypertension has no known cause, while secondary hypertension has a known cause.
- Patients are diagnosed as hypertensive when their diastolic pressure is above 90 mmHg or systolic pressure is above 140 mmHg for more than two readings.
Hypotension
- Hypotension is persistently low blood pressure.
- Systolic BP is measured as 85-110 mmHg.
- Orthostatic hypotension is a drop in blood pressure when standing up, due to peripheral vasodilation, blood leaving the central body organs.
- Other causes of hypotension may include analgesia, bleeding, severe burns, and dehydration.
- Orthostatic hypotension can be assessed by observing the patient in a supine position for 10 minutes, then have the patient sit or stand, reassess the pulse and BP, then assess again after 3 minutes. A 15-30 beat per minute rise in pulse or a 20 mmHg drop in systolic BP, or 10 mmHg drop in diastolic BP indicate orthostatic hypotension.
Assessing Blood Pressure
- Blood pressure is measured using a blood pressure cuff, sphygmomanometer, and stethoscope.
- The cuff width should be 40% of the arm circumference, and the length needs to cover about two-thirds of the arm circumference. Sites for measurement include the upper arm (brachial artery), and thigh (popliteal artery).
- Types of sphygmomanometers include aneroid, mercury, and electronic/digital.
- There are 5 Korotkoff phases, the sounds heard during blood pressure measurement.
Common Errors in Blood Pressure Assessment
- Common errors include using a cuff that is too narrow or too wide, not supporting the arm adequately, taking readings too frequently, deflating the cuff incorrectly, and not having the arm at heart level.
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Description
This quiz covers essential concepts related to vital signs, specifically focusing on respiration. You will learn about normal breathing patterns, different types of breathing, and how to assess respiratory function effectively. Ideal for students in healthcare or nursing programs.
