Questions and Answers
What is ventilation?
Movement of air in and out of the airways.
What is respiration?
Gas exchange between atmospheric air and the blood and between the blood and cells of the body.
What components are included in health history for respiratory assessment?
Past medical history, ability to perform ADLs, social history (smoker, pollutant exposure), symptoms.
What are common symptoms associated with respiratory issues?
Signup and view all the answers
What are wheezes and what causes this sound?
Signup and view all the answers
What are crackles and how are they described?
Signup and view all the answers
What is stridor and when is it heard?
Signup and view all the answers
What is pleural friction rub?
Signup and view all the answers
What are the different breathing patterns?
Signup and view all the answers
What are the gerontologic considerations for respiratory assessment?
Signup and view all the answers
What are the gerontologic considerations that are increased?
Signup and view all the answers
What are early clinical manifestations of hypoxia?
Signup and view all the answers
What are late clinical manifestations of hypoxia?
Signup and view all the answers
Define eupnea.
Signup and view all the answers
Define hypoventilation.
Signup and view all the answers
Define hyperventilation.
Signup and view all the answers
Define hyperpnea.
Signup and view all the answers
Define Cheyne-Stokes breathing.
Signup and view all the answers
Define Biot's respiration.
Signup and view all the answers
What is Kussmaul breathing?
Signup and view all the answers
Study Notes
Respiratory Assessment Key Terms
-
Ventilation: Refers to the process of air moving in and out of the airways, essential for sustaining life.
-
Respiration: Involves gas exchange, which occurs between atmospheric air and the bloodstream, and subsequently from blood to the body’s cells.
Health History Considerations
- Health history: Important to assess past medical history, the patient’s ability to perform activities of daily living (ADLs), social history including substance use and exposure to pollutants, as well as presenting symptoms.
Common Respiratory Symptoms
- Symptoms to note: Include dyspnea (difficulty breathing), orthopnea (breathlessness while lying flat), cough, sputum production, chest pain, and hemoptysis (coughing up blood).
Respiratory Sounds
-
Wheezes: Result from airway narrowing, typically first heard during exhalation and can progress to inhalation; can be high-pitched or low-pitched, described as musical or snoring.
-
Crackles: Also known as "rales"; categorized into fine crackles (soft, high-pitched, like hair rubbing together) and coarse crackles (low-pitched, harsh sounds from large bronchi).
-
Stridor: A loud, high-pitched sound primarily heard on inspiration without a stethoscope; indicates upper airway obstruction and is a medical emergency.
-
Pleural Friction Rub: Occurs when two inflamed pleural surfaces slide against each other, producing low-pitched continuous sounds during both inspiration and expiration, likened to "walking on snow."
Breathing Patterns
- Variations in breathing: Include eupnea (normal rate), bradypnea (slow rate), tachypnea (rapid rate), hypoventilation (shallow, irregular breathing), hyperpnea (increased depth), hyperventilation (increased rate and depth leading to decreased PaCO2), apnea (cessation of breathing), Cheyne-Stokes breathing (cyclic pattern of increasing and decreasing breathing followed by apnea), and Biot's respiration (normal breathing followed by periods of apnea).
Gerontologic Considerations
-
Decreased functions: Aging can result in a reduced alveolar surface area and elasticity, decreased chest wall mobility, diminished oxygen diffusion capacity, and lowered vital capacity.
-
Increased changes: Older adults may experience increased respiratory dead space and greater thickness of the alveolar membrane.
Hypoxia Clinical Manifestations
-
Early symptoms: Include tachycardia, tachypnea, hypertension, and mood changes such as restlessness and anxiety.
-
Late symptoms: Progress to confusion, cyanosis, bradypnea, bradycardia, hypotension, and possible cardiac dysrhythmias.
Breathing Definitions
-
Eupnea: Normal respiratory rate between 14-20 breaths per minute.
-
Hypoventilation: Characterized by shallow, irregular breathing.
-
Hyperventilation: Marked by an accelerated rate and depth of breathing, leading to decreased arterial carbon dioxide (PaCO2); often linked to anxiety and metabolic acidosis.
-
Hyperpnea: Involves an increase in the depth of respirations.
-
Cheyne-Stokes Breathing: A distinct pattern of breathing where the rate and depth alternately increase and decrease before resulting in apnea; associated with conditions like heart failure.
-
Biot's Respiration: Known as ataxic breathing, it consists of normal breaths followed by variable periods of apnea; typically linked to respiratory depression from drug overdose or brain injury.
-
Kussmaul Breathing: Associated with diabetic ketoacidosis, characterized by deep, rapid breathing as a compensatory mechanism.
Studying That Suits You
Use AI to generate personalized quizzes and flashcards to suit your learning preferences.
Description
Test your knowledge on key terms related to respiratory assessment with these flashcards. Each card features definitions for important concepts in ventilatory function and respiration. Perfect for healthcare students and professionals looking to reinforce their understanding of respiratory health.