T2 L9: Physiology of Vision (SL)

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Which type of cells in the retina respond weakly to changes in overall light intensity?

Bipolars

Ganglion cells (correct)

Receptors

Cones

What is the approximate convergence ratio of retinal ganglion cells to optic nerve fibers?

125:1 (correct)

5:1

50:1

1:1

What is the photosensitive pigment in rod cells called?

Chromophore

Retinal

Rhodopsin (correct)

Opsin

What is the function of lateral inhibition in the retina?

Enhances edges and contrast Signup and view all the answers

Which type of cells in the retina have only graded electrical potentials?

Receptors Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the loss or modification of one or more cone visual pigments?

Colour blindness Signup and view all the answers

Which chromosome is the gene for the blue pigment located on?

Chromosome 7 Signup and view all the answers

Where does the output of each lateral geniculate nucleus in the thalamus go?

Striate cortex Signup and view all the answers

What type of cells in the primary visual cortex are constructed from rows of ganglion cells or LGN with on and off-centre fields?

Simple cells Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the organization of the primary visual cortex in three overlapping patterns?

Hypercolumns Signup and view all the answers

Which part of the eye is responsible for producing a focused image on the retina?

Lens Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the iris in the eye?

To vary the retinal intensity Signup and view all the answers

What part of the eye covers a thumb nail at arm's length in outside space?

Fovea Signup and view all the answers

Which refractive error occurs when the eyeball is too short or the lens system is too weak?

Hypermetropia (long sightedness) Signup and view all the answers

What is the unit of measurement for the refractive power of a lens?

Diopters Signup and view all the answers

In which part of the retina are ganglion cells and blood vessels located?

Optic disk Signup and view all the answers

Which part of the eye bends approximately 2/3 of the incoming rays of light?

Cornea Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the pigment layer behind the retina?

To absorb unwanted light Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the loss of the ability to recognize objects or people?

Agnosia Signup and view all the answers

What are the vestibulo-ocular and optokinetic reflexes used for?

To detect changes in head position and maintain stable gaze Signup and view all the answers

Which region of the brain is associated with object and face identity, and conscious perception?

Temporal cortex Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the inability to recognize familiar faces?

Prosopagnosia Signup and view all the answers

Which area of the brain is most associated with prosopagnosia?

Temporal lobe Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the phenomenon where individuals are not aware of stimuli within their blind field, but can still perform some discrimination tasks and accurately point to the locations of stimuli?

Blindsight Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the reflex that stabilizes gaze by countering movement of the head?

Vestibulo-ocular reflex (VOR) Signup and view all the answers

Which part of the visual system is responsible for image formation on the retina?

Rods and cones Signup and view all the answers

Which part of the visual system is responsible for lateral inhibition?

Signal processing in the retina Signup and view all the answers

Which visual pathway is associated with location, motion, and action?

Dorsal stream Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the condition in which a patient can describe but not act?

Optic ataxia Signup and view all the answers

Which part of the brain is associated with damage in prosopagnosia?

Temporal lobe Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of rods in the retina?

They are responsible for achromatic vision Signup and view all the answers

What is the approximate ratio of rods to cones in the eye?

1:20 Signup and view all the answers

Which cells in the retina are the first to be activated by light?

Rods Signup and view all the answers

Where are cones primarily located in the retina?

In the fovea region Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of rods in the visual system?

To detect motion Signup and view all the answers

What is the main cause of red-green color blindness?

Damage to the genes for the red and green pigments Signup and view all the answers

Which part of the eye is responsible for producing a focused image on the retina?

The lens Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of lateral inhibition in the retina?

To enhance visual acuity Signup and view all the answers

Which part of the brain receives input from the optic tract and does not communicate with the visual cortex?

Midbrain Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the area in the primary visual cortex where the image of one half of each eye is combined?

Straight cortex inducer Signup and view all the answers

Which cells in the primary visual cortex have elongated receptive fields and can have different orientations?

Simple cells Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the columns in the visual cortex that alternate receiving inputs from the left and right eye?

Ocular dominance columns Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of the pigment layer behind the retina?

To absorb unwanted light that reaches the retina Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the optic disk?

To allow nerves and blood vessels to enter and exit the eye Signup and view all the answers

Which part of the eye is responsible for two-thirds of the bending of incoming light?

The cornea Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the condition where the eyeball is either too long or the lens system is too strong?

Myopia Signup and view all the answers

Which part of the eye acts as a diaphragm and controls the amount of light that reaches the retina?

Iris Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the cornea in the eye?

To protect the front of the eye Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of the lens in the eye?

To produce a focal image onto the retina Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the retina in the eye?

To detect and convert light into electrical signals Signup and view all the answers

What is the name of the molecule composed of 11 cis retinal in the Dobson?

Obscene Signup and view all the answers

What is the mechanism that leads to closure of non-selective, cyclic p sensitive cation channels in response to light activation?

Assist to transfer conversion Signup and view all the answers

Why do ganglion cells become hyperpolarized when exposed to light?

To optimize performance in light conditions Signup and view all the answers

What can a deficiency in vitamin A lead to in terms of vision?

Nightlight blindness Signup and view all the answers

Which region of the brain is responsible for processing information about color and orientation separately?

V form Signup and view all the answers

What is a hyper column?

A set of everything in the visual pathway Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of marking a hyper column?

To understand divisions in the visual pathway Signup and view all the answers

What can a physician reasonably diagnose in the visual pathway based on the information provided?

Partial loss of vision Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of separating information about color from information about orientation in the visual pathway?

To pass information to other regions Signup and view all the answers

What are the four flavors of medical conditions that can cause partial loss of vision in the visual pathway?

Complete loss of vision, visual acuity loss, orientation loss, color loss Signup and view all the answers

T2 L9: Physiology of Vision (SL)

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Questions and Answers

Which type of cells in the retina respond weakly to changes in overall light intensity?

What is the approximate convergence ratio of retinal ganglion cells to optic nerve fibers?

What is the photosensitive pigment in rod cells called?

What is the function of lateral inhibition in the retina?

Which type of cells in the retina have only graded electrical potentials?

What is the term for the loss or modification of one or more cone visual pigments?

Which chromosome is the gene for the blue pigment located on?

Where does the output of each lateral geniculate nucleus in the thalamus go?

What type of cells in the primary visual cortex are constructed from rows of ganglion cells or LGN with on and off-centre fields?

What is the term for the organization of the primary visual cortex in three overlapping patterns?

Which part of the eye is responsible for producing a focused image on the retina?

What is the function of the iris in the eye?

What part of the eye covers a thumb nail at arm's length in outside space?

Which refractive error occurs when the eyeball is too short or the lens system is too weak?

What is the unit of measurement for the refractive power of a lens?

In which part of the retina are ganglion cells and blood vessels located?

Which part of the eye bends approximately 2/3 of the incoming rays of light?

What is the function of the pigment layer behind the retina?

What is the term for the loss of the ability to recognize objects or people?

What are the vestibulo-ocular and optokinetic reflexes used for?

Which region of the brain is associated with object and face identity, and conscious perception?

What is the term for the inability to recognize familiar faces?

Which area of the brain is most associated with prosopagnosia?

What is the term for the phenomenon where individuals are not aware of stimuli within their blind field, but can still perform some discrimination tasks and accurately point to the locations of stimuli?

What is the term for the reflex that stabilizes gaze by countering movement of the head?

Which part of the visual system is responsible for image formation on the retina?

Which part of the visual system is responsible for lateral inhibition?

Which visual pathway is associated with location, motion, and action?

What is the term for the condition in which a patient can describe but not act?

Which part of the brain is associated with damage in prosopagnosia?

What is the function of rods in the retina?

What is the approximate ratio of rods to cones in the eye?

Which cells in the retina are the first to be activated by light?

Where are cones primarily located in the retina?

What is the function of rods in the visual system?

What is the main cause of red-green color blindness?

Which part of the eye is responsible for producing a focused image on the retina?

What is the function of lateral inhibition in the retina?

Which part of the brain receives input from the optic tract and does not communicate with the visual cortex?

What is the term for the area in the primary visual cortex where the image of one half of each eye is combined?

Which cells in the primary visual cortex have elongated receptive fields and can have different orientations?

What is the term for the columns in the visual cortex that alternate receiving inputs from the left and right eye?

What is the purpose of the pigment layer behind the retina?

What is the function of the optic disk?

Which part of the eye is responsible for two-thirds of the bending of incoming light?

What is the term for the condition where the eyeball is either too long or the lens system is too strong?

Which part of the eye acts as a diaphragm and controls the amount of light that reaches the retina?

What is the primary function of the cornea in the eye?

What is the role of the lens in the eye?

What is the function of the retina in the eye?

What is the name of the molecule composed of 11 cis retinal in the Dobson?

What is the mechanism that leads to closure of non-selective, cyclic p sensitive cation channels in response to light activation?

Why do ganglion cells become hyperpolarized when exposed to light?

What can a deficiency in vitamin A lead to in terms of vision?

Which region of the brain is responsible for processing information about color and orientation separately?

What is a hyper column?

What is the purpose of marking a hyper column?

What can a physician reasonably diagnose in the visual pathway based on the information provided?

What is the purpose of separating information about color from information about orientation in the visual pathway?

What are the four flavors of medical conditions that can cause partial loss of vision in the visual pathway?

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