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Questions and Answers
Explain Wolfe's guided search model and its implications for visual search efficiency and attention deployment.
Wolfe's guided search model posits that all search tasks require attention to identify the target, but information can be extracted in the first 'preattentive' parallel stage to guide attention. Efficient search (parallel) reflects attention being deployed to the target first, while inefficient search (serial) reflects sampling of items until the target is selected at random. Guided search uses relevant basic features to bias selections towards likely targets, and there are five forms of guidance.
What is the role of gist and non-selective pathway in guiding visual search in naturalistic scenes?
The gist of a scene, extracted through a non-selective pathway, provides general scene-based guidance to probable target locations. The non-selective pathway does not require attention and provides some awareness of something everywhere in the scene, allowing for extraction of statistical information from the entire image to categorize scenes and provide basic spatial layouts.
How does the combination of preattentive feature guidance and scene-based guidance direct attention in visual search, especially in naturalistic scenes?
The combination of preattentive feature guidance and scene-based guidance directs attention to locations with the highest probability of containing the target in naturalistic scenes. This integration of guidance allows for the efficient and effective deployment of attention in complex and non-random scenes.
Study Notes
Spatial Attention and Visual Search
- Attention is spatially selective, and selection can occur overtly (with eye movements) or covertly (without eye movements)
- Visual search is a common activity in daily life, like looking for things in a cluttered environment, and is important for object recognition
- Visual search in studying is a model for how we act in the real world, exploring deployment of attention under controlled settings, and is the basis for clinical tests of attention function
Treisman's Take on Attention and Visual Search
- Attention combines information from the same location
- Separate feature maps are indexed by location in space, with a master map of all locations
- 2-stage theory:
- Preattentive stage: basic features can be detected without attention, acting in parallel across the display
- Attentive stage: combinations of features require attention, with serial search through the display
- Basic features 'pop out' and can be detected immediately, while serial search is required for conjunctions of features
Wolfe's Guided Search Model
- All search tasks require attention to identify the target
- Information from the preattentive parallel stage can be used to guide attention
- Efficient search reflects attention being deployed to the target first, while inefficient search reflects sampling of items until the target is selected at random
- Guided search uses relevant basic features to bias selections towards likely targets, with 5 forms of guidance:
- Top-down guidance to feature
- Value (how rewarding)
- History (what you just looked for)
- Scene information (general gist)
Guidance in Scene-Based Search
- Scenes hold more information than isolated target/distractor displays, providing additional scene-based guidance
- Scene-based guidance directs attention to the location with the highest probability of containing the target
- Non-selective pathway provides scene gist, requiring no attention, with a non-selective awareness of the scene
Selection Bottleneck and Guidance
- Selection bottleneck is capacity limited, required for object recognition, and determined by selected attention
- Guidance is based on a combined priority map of:
- Bottom-up basic features
- Top-down templates or set
- History
- Value
- Scene information (general gist)
Spatial vs. Object-Based Attention Accounts
- FIT and Guided search are spatial
- Alternative: allocation to objects based on preattentive segmentation of the scene
- Both spatial and object-based attention accounts seem to happen, with different neural basis and effects (spatial effects > object effects)
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Description
Test your knowledge of selective attention in space with this quiz on visual search and spatial selection. Explore the importance of visual search and its role in object recognition. Delve into the concepts of overt and covert selection, and enhance your understanding of how attention operates in the visual domain.
