Psychology Chapter on Perception and Attention

<p>Corsi blocks task (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Accuracy decreases with longer delays. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The ability to adapt to rule changes. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Difficulty in executing planned tasks. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>By organizing multiple tasks sequentially. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Working memory. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Visual attention. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It serves to maintain items in working memory. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>PFC lesions impair the ability to recall recent stimuli. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Delay activity in the PFC is more robust against distractors. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Delay activity for the match item was disrupted. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It demonstrates distinct activation patterns for different types of information. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Worsening performance as memory load increases. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It reflects different stimuli during tasks. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It is critical for maintaining the sequence of events. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A correlation with correct trials and successful memory recall. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Recency judgment tasks concerning the order of events. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Excellent spatial resolution and temporal measures (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They are filtered out from receptive fields (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It neutralizes the effects of other stimuli (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Reduced BOLD activity in V4 compared to sequential presentation (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Attention is optimized for appropriate spatial scale tasks (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Differentiating neuronal responses to static and moving objects (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It increases firing rates of neurons preferring cued stimuli (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Maintaining an attentional template biases baseline activity (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Reduced visual evoked responses to attended stimuli (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Attention modulates neuronal activity based on preferred stimuli (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It leads to enhanced activation in specific brain areas related to attended features (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Attention interacts dynamically with competing stimuli (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Neurons preferentially respond to specific types of stimuli (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Working memory (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Individuals must remember the identity of a stimulus during a delay. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Lateral prefrontal cortex (LPFC) (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>BOLD response increases in the LPFC. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Abstract representations of information (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Complex decision-making in novel scenarios (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Inattentional blindness to significant changes (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>By maintaining the active representation of the task goal (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Spatial working memory (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They are automatic and stimulus-driven. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Malleability of responses based on task conditions (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Responding to specific objects and their locations (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Maintenance and manipulation of information in working memory (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It complicates the integration of visual information over time. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Our perception is not infinite and all-encompassing, but is limited by the capabilities of our perceptual system.

Despite the limitations of our perception, it is well-suited to guide our actions and behavior in the real world.

The idea that our cognitive resources are finite and can be overwhelmed by excessive information.

The brain integrates information from different sensory areas to create a unified perception of the world.

The brain's challenge of combining different sensory features (e.g., color, shape, motion) to create a coherent perception.

The idea that different areas of the brain specialize in processing specific types of sensory information.

Attention can be influenced by both bottom-up (stimulus driven) and top-down (goal driven) mechanisms.

Attention helps us focus on relevant information and ignore distractions, improving our overall perception.

A method used to record the activity of individual neurons in the brain. It involves placing electrodes directly into the brain tissue.

A phenomenon where multiple sensory inputs compete for neural processing resources. Attention helps to resolve this competition by enhancing the processing of attended stimuli while suppressing unattended ones.

Features that are not actively attended to are filtered out from the receptive fields of neurons, meaning they have less influence on the neuron's activity.

The activity of neurons in the visual cortex is influenced by the spatial location of attention. When attention is directed to a specific location, neurons in that region show increased activity.

The brain region responsible for processing visual information.

A brain imaging technique that measures changes in blood flow in the brain. It provides an indirect measure of neuronal activity.

The area of the brain responsible for processing information about places and spatial relationships.

The area of the brain that is specialized for processing faces.

A type of attention where processing resources are selectively allocated to specific features or attributes of stimuli, such as color or motion.

A type of attention where processing resources are allocated to specific objects as a whole, regardless of their features.

The brain region responsible for controlling attention and spatial awareness.

The brain region responsible for higher-level cognitive functions, including working memory and planning.

Sustained attention increases the firing rate of neurons that prefer the attended stimulus, making them more likely to be activated by that stimulus.

The brain's ability to prepare for upcoming events and anticipate stimuli. This can involve setting up a mental template to facilitate processing of specific information.

A technique used to analyze patterns of activity in the brain, often using fMRI data. It can be used to decode what information the brain is processing.

Cognitive control refers to the mental processes that allow us to use our knowledge, goals, and perceptions to make choices about our actions and thoughts from many possibilities.

Goal-oriented behavior involves a series of actions aimed at achieving a specific objective. It requires coordinated actions and planning to stay on track over time.

Flexibility in action means that we can adjust our planned actions depending on the situation, adapting our behavior to changing circumstances.

Monitoring our actions involves checking if our behavior is still aligned with our goals and making adjustments if necessary to stay on track.

The lateral prefrontal cortex (LPFC), orbitofrontal cortex (OFC), and frontal pole (FP) are brain regions involved in cognitive control. They work together to support goal-directed behavior.

The medial frontal cortex (MFC) plays a crucial role in guiding and monitoring behavior. It helps us adjust our actions to stay in line with our current goals.

The PFC is a highly connected network that links various brain regions involved in perception, motor control, and emotions. It receives information from the thalamus, a relay center for sensory information.

People with frontal lobe damage may exhibit a range of cognitive and behavioral deficits, even though their basic perceptual abilities and memory functions may seem normal.

Perseveration is a behavior pattern where individuals repeat the same action or response even after being told it's incorrect. This is a common symptom of frontal lobe damage.

Utilization behavior is a strong reliance on prototypical responses when guiding behavior. Individuals with frontal lobe damage may exhibit this, often performing actions based on the most common use of an object, even if inappropriate.

Cognitive control deficits are observed in various mental health conditions like depression, schizophrenia, OCD, and ADHD. These conditions can cause problems with attention, planning, and impulse control.

Stress, sadness, loneliness, and poor health can also affect cognitive control, leading to impaired decision-making, attention problems, and impulsive behaviors.

Drug addiction disrupts PFC function, leading to difficulties in inhibiting destructive behaviors. Cocaine users, for instance, have difficulty suppressing their responses to unwanted stimuli.

Goal-orientated actions are driven by the anticipation of a reward or value. We often choose actions that are expected to lead to positive outcomes or minimize negative ones.

Actions that are no longer controlled by rewards and instead are triggered by stimuli.

Actions that are driven by a specific goal and involve cognitive processes to maintain that goal.

The cognitive ability to control thoughts and actions, including focusing attention, inhibiting irrelevant responses, and maintaining goal-relevant information.

A temporary storage system that holds and manipulates information for a short period of time.

A crucial component of working memory that allows us to hold and manipulate information while simultaneously responding to environmental stimuli.

A brain region essential for working memory. It is not required for associative memory, which involves linking information together.

A task that tests spatial working memory, requiring the participant to remember a location over a delay period.

The ability to understand that an object continues to exist even when it is out of sight.

The process of retrieving and maintaining stored information in an active state for use in working memory.

A brain region involved in maintaining and accessing stored information for working memory.

The sustained activity of neurons in the PFC during the delay period in delayed response tasks, indicating their role in maintaining working memory.

The capacity of the PFC to maintain information over a delay period in a way that represents the specific task demands.

A neuroimaging technique that measures brain activity by detecting changes in blood flow.

The sustained BOLD response in the PFC during the delay period in a delayed response task with faces, indicating the PFC's role in maintaining working memory.

The organizational structure of the PFC, with varying levels of abstraction and specialization for different cognitive functions.

Neurons in the prefrontal cortex (PFC) maintain their activity during a delay period, even when distractor stimuli are presented. This sustained activity suggests that the PFC holds information in working memory.

Different neurons in the PFC show preferences for different stimuli, suggesting that the PFC encodes specific items in working memory.

PFC lesions impair monkeys' ability to remember the location of food, suggesting a crucial role of the PFC in spatial working memory.

The PFC is involved in maintaining the temporal order of events in working memory, allowing us to remember which item was presented most recently.

The dorsal part of the PFC is more active during verbal working memory tasks, while the ventral part is more active during spatial working memory tasks. This suggests a functional division within the PFC.

Neurons in the inferior temporal cortex exhibit delay activity, similar to PFC neurons, suggesting that they may also play a role in maintaining visual information in working memory.

Damage to the temporal lobe abolishes delay activity in temporal neurons, suggesting that the temporal lobe is important for maintaining information in working memory.

The PFC is critical for maintaining temporal organization of memory and monitoring the contents of working memory. Damage to the PFC can impair our ability to remember the order in which events occurred.

Higher baseline activity in the PFC is associated with successful performance on memory tasks, suggesting that the PFC plays a role in encoding and retrieving information.

The delay activity in PFC neurons is robust to distracting stimuli, unlike delay activity in temporal lobe neurons. This suggests that the PFC is more resistant to interference, and that the PFC is more critical for maintaining information over time.

A type of memory that holds a large amount of sensory information for a very brief period (about 250-300 ms), but decays rapidly. This memory is often tested by showing short-term visual patterns and having subjects try to recall them.

Involves tasks that test a subject's ability to remember the order of items presented visually or verbally.

This is a task where subjects are shown cards and must sort them according to a rule. The rule may change unexpectedly, requiring the subject to adapt and learn new strategies.

A collection of mental processes that involves holding multiple pieces of information in mind and using them to plan, problem-solve, and make complex decisions.

A type of memory that involves holding information for a short period of time and then retrieving it for use in a particular task.

A mental process that involves actively maintaining and updating information in working memory. This includes manipulating information, making decisions based on it, and integrating it with other information.

Central executive is like the manager of working memory system. It directs the flow of information, controls attention, and coordinates the various components of working memory.

A type of working memory that is used for holding and manipulating spatial information. This is essential for tasks like navigating, remembering locations, and planning routes.