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Questions and Answers
What is the primary difference between template matching theory and prototype theory?
What is the primary difference between template matching theory and prototype theory?
Which of these statements accurately describes the role of the dorsal pathway in visual perception?
Which of these statements accurately describes the role of the dorsal pathway in visual perception?
Which of the following is NOT considered a characteristic of the constructivist model of visual perception?
Which of the following is NOT considered a characteristic of the constructivist model of visual perception?
What is 'blindsight,' as discussed in the text?
What is 'blindsight,' as discussed in the text?
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Which of the following is supported by the template matching theory?
Which of the following is supported by the template matching theory?
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The 'scene consistency effect' refers to the observation that:
The 'scene consistency effect' refers to the observation that:
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What is a potential drawback of template matching theory?
What is a potential drawback of template matching theory?
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Damage to the ventral pathway is most likely to result in:
Damage to the ventral pathway is most likely to result in:
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What is the conclusion drawn from the statement: "better remembering 2,5,6 and 8,4,1 than 2,8; 5,4; 6,1"?
What is the conclusion drawn from the statement: "better remembering 2,5,6 and 8,4,1 than 2,8; 5,4; 6,1"?
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What is the key finding from the 'Dichotic Listening: Shadowing Task' experiment?
What is the key finding from the 'Dichotic Listening: Shadowing Task' experiment?
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What is the main argument against early selection?
What is the main argument against early selection?
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Which of the following is NOT considered evidence for early selection?
Which of the following is NOT considered evidence for early selection?
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Based on the provided content, what is the primary difference between early selection and late selection?
Based on the provided content, what is the primary difference between early selection and late selection?
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What is the main conclusion that can be drawn from the experiment involving the sentence "The clock tower was struck by lightning during an electrical storm on November 12, 1955"?
What is the main conclusion that can be drawn from the experiment involving the sentence "The clock tower was struck by lightning during an electrical storm on November 12, 1955"?
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What is the Stroop effect?
What is the Stroop effect?
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In the context of the Stroop task, what is meant by 'unattended information'?
In the context of the Stroop task, what is meant by 'unattended information'?
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What is the key implication of the 'breakthrough' phenomenon in the context of the information presented?
What is the key implication of the 'breakthrough' phenomenon in the context of the information presented?
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What is the main point the author is trying to convey through the example of the party?
What is the main point the author is trying to convey through the example of the party?
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What is the main implication of the Raz et al. (2003) study on the Stroop effect?
What is the main implication of the Raz et al. (2003) study on the Stroop effect?
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Which of the following scenarios would be LEAST likely to trigger the Stroop effect?
Which of the following scenarios would be LEAST likely to trigger the Stroop effect?
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What is the likely reason the Stroop effect disappears when the color names become meaningless to participants?
What is the likely reason the Stroop effect disappears when the color names become meaningless to participants?
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What brain regions are involved in top-down attention?
What brain regions are involved in top-down attention?
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What is the difference between endogenous and exogenous attention?
What is the difference between endogenous and exogenous attention?
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According to William James, what is the opposite of attention?
According to William James, what is the opposite of attention?
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Which type of attention is involved in the task of shifting your attention between a visual image and an auditory sound?
Which type of attention is involved in the task of shifting your attention between a visual image and an auditory sound?
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What brain regions are involved in bottom-up attention?
What brain regions are involved in bottom-up attention?
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What is the role of the Reticular Activating System (RAS) in attention?
What is the role of the Reticular Activating System (RAS) in attention?
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Which of the following is NOT a type of attention?
Which of the following is NOT a type of attention?
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What is spatial neglect?
What is spatial neglect?
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Which brain region is associated with controlled attention and goal-setting?
Which brain region is associated with controlled attention and goal-setting?
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In the study by Von Wright et al. (1975), what was the dependent variable?
In the study by Von Wright et al. (1975), what was the dependent variable?
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Which of the following represents a key difference between Treisman's attenuator model and late selection filter models?
Which of the following represents a key difference between Treisman's attenuator model and late selection filter models?
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In the context of the Stroop task, what is the primary factor that contributes to the difficulty of the task?
In the context of the Stroop task, what is the primary factor that contributes to the difficulty of the task?
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What does the Stroop task demonstrate about the nature of attention?
What does the Stroop task demonstrate about the nature of attention?
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Which of the following statements accurately reflects the concept of 'early selection' in theories of attention?
Which of the following statements accurately reflects the concept of 'early selection' in theories of attention?
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How does the concept of 'automatic processing' relate to the Stroop task?
How does the concept of 'automatic processing' relate to the Stroop task?
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Which of the following best describes the relationship between controlled and automatic tasks in the context of attention?
Which of the following best describes the relationship between controlled and automatic tasks in the context of attention?
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What is the main implication of the finding that participants in the Von Wright et al. (1975) study showed increased skin conductance when the 'shocked' word was presented in the unattended ear?
What is the main implication of the finding that participants in the Von Wright et al. (1975) study showed increased skin conductance when the 'shocked' word was presented in the unattended ear?
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What is the primary difference between the 'central resource capacity view' and the 'multiple resource capacity view' of attentional load?
What is the primary difference between the 'central resource capacity view' and the 'multiple resource capacity view' of attentional load?
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According to the multiple resource capacity view, under what circumstances does attentional capacity reach its limit more quickly?
According to the multiple resource capacity view, under what circumstances does attentional capacity reach its limit more quickly?
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If a task requires a high level of mental resources, what happens to the processing of non-attended information according to the load theory?
If a task requires a high level of mental resources, what happens to the processing of non-attended information according to the load theory?
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Imagine you're watching a movie you've seen numerous times (low load) and a new commercial breaks (high load). Which of the following is most likely to happen according to the load theory?
Imagine you're watching a movie you've seen numerous times (low load) and a new commercial breaks (high load). Which of the following is most likely to happen according to the load theory?
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In the driving simulator study, what is the key factor that led to lower elephant detection rates in the high-load condition?
In the driving simulator study, what is the key factor that led to lower elephant detection rates in the high-load condition?
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The load theory suggests that attentional selection can occur at different points in processing. What determines the stage at which this filtering happens?
The load theory suggests that attentional selection can occur at different points in processing. What determines the stage at which this filtering happens?
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According to the load theory, why are we more easily distracted by irrelevant information when performing an easy task compared to a difficult task?
According to the load theory, why are we more easily distracted by irrelevant information when performing an easy task compared to a difficult task?
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Which of the following statements best describes the relationship between attentional load and the processing of irrelevant information, based on the load theory?
Which of the following statements best describes the relationship between attentional load and the processing of irrelevant information, based on the load theory?
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Study Notes
Attention, part 1
- January 23, 2025 presentation
- Select attention to speaker's face, not computer
Visual Perception
- Constructivist and direct models of visual perception
- Sensory information used to drive perception
- Direct perception of the world via sensory input
- Damage to visual system
- Blindsight from primary visual cortical damage
- Damage to dorsal pathway: problems with spatial perception and movement
- Damage to ventral pathway: problems with object recognition
- Prosopagnosia: inability to recognize faces
- Theories of object recognition
Theories of Visual Object Recognition
- Perception involves processing basic visual features and integrating into a probe pattern
- Combination of features depends on feature detection processes
- Pattern recognition compares the pattern to existing patterns in memory (like a barcode)
- Probe is compared to patterns in long term memory
- Highest similarity between probe and memory pattern determines recognition
- Template matching theory
- Prototype theory
Template (exemplar) Matching Theory
- Every object has a template in long-term memory
- Too simplistic and computationally demanding
- Cannot explain identification or classification with shifts in perspective (shifts in perspective/recognition/new objects being classified)
Prototype Theory
- Prototype is the average representation of an object concept
- Recognition determined by matching to a prototype, not a literal match
- A "good enough" match leads to identification
- Allows for more flexible object identification (visual probe matching to prototype image)
Context Matters for Object Recognition
- Scene consistency effect
- Accuracy (% correct) differing based on consistent/inconsistent scenes
- ERPs per condition (brain wave activity related to scene consistency/inconsistency)
What is Attention?
- William James (1890) definition
- Withdrawal from some things to effectively deal with others
- Opposite of confused, dazed, scatterbrained state (distraction)
- Understood in terms of what it does, not what it is
Agenda
- Types of attention
- Neural mechanisms of attention
- Top-down attention
- Selective attention models
Types of Attention
- Top-down attention: observer-guided, controlled.
- Bottom-up attention: stimulus-guided, automatic.
- Arousal
- Alertness and Awareness
- Autonomic Nervous System
- Reticular Activating System
- An inverted U-shaped function relates different levels of arousal and attention
Attentional Processes
- Top-down attention: Observer-guided, controlled, frontal-parietal brain regions (IPS; FEF)
- Bottom-up attention: Stimulus-guided, automatic, temporoparietal junction, and ventral frontal cortex
- Arousal, alertness, awareness, autonomic NS, reticular activating system
Neural mechanisms of attention
- Network of frontal and parietal lobes
- Intraparietal sulcus/Intraparietal lobule (IPS/IPL)
- Frontal eye fields (FEF)
- Temporoparietal junction (TPJ)
- Ventral frontal cortex (VFC)
Attentional shift
- Shift between attending to image and sound
- Brain regions during attentional shift (a, b)
Divisions of attention
- Endogenous attention: top-down processing, goal directed (Intraparietal sulcus/IPS and FEF)
- Exogenous attention: bottom-up processing, environmental stimuli (Temporo-parietal junction (TPJ) and VFC)
Spatial Neglect
- Damage to right hemisphere (ventral parietal cortex)
- Deficits in spatial attention, representation of the contralateral field (of view), and cannot attend to that information
Top-Down Attention
- Sustained attention: Maintaining focus for long periods; vigilance
- Divided attention: Shifting focus between tasks; multitasking
- Selective attention: Focusing on one input, ignoring others
Selective Attention
- Limited information processing resources
- Prioritization of information based on goals
- Early selection filter models
- Attenuator model
- Late selection filter models
- Load theory
Theories of Selective Attention
- Filtering of information during processing
- Early selection models (e.g., attenuator model)
- Late selection models
- Load theory
Broadbent's Early Selection Filter Model
- Filters information at a perceptual level, before meaning analysis
- Sensory buffer–filter–perceptual analysis–semantic analysis (STM)–responses
Broadbent's Early Selection Filter Model
- Information selection via perception (spatial location, frequency)
- Processed for meaning, entering awareness
- Information not selected by filter decays and isn't processed for meaning
Dichotic Listening Tasks
- Presenting two messages simultaneously to each ear
- Participants better recall messages ear by ear, not simultaneously
- Conclusion: Information selected for attention at the perception stage
Dichotic Listening: Shadowing Tasks
- People remember sensory features (noise or speaker gender) but not message content of unattended ear
- Evidence suggests unattended information not processed for meaning, but at perceptual level.
Evidence against Early Selection
- Unattended information can "break through" in certain situations
- Hearing your name in a different conversation
- Participants' heightened physiological responses (e.g., skin conductance) to words in an unattended ear when the words predicted a shock
Treisman's Attenuator Model
- An early filter that dials down unattended material, letting some aspects still be processed for meaning (but weaker).
Late Selection Filter Models
- We process information to the meaning level, then select information for further processing
- Filter is between perceptually analyzing and semantic (short term memory) analyzing.
Stroop Task
- Name the color of the ink
- Different colors presented in different colors
- Congruent trial (ink and color match) vs incongruent trial (ink and color don't match)
Controlled and Automatic Tasks
- Controlled tasks: require effort and voluntary attention (e.g., Stroop task: naming color of ink)
- Automatic tasks: highly familiar and well-practiced, don't require voluntary attention (e.g., Stroop: reading color names)*
Stroop Task and Late Selection Filter Model
- For interference to occur, written color names (unattended information) must be processed for meaning
- The filter in this case is between the perceptual and semantic aspects of information, then the response
Removing Automatic Processing
- Hypnotized participants to think color names were meaningless
- Removes automatic processing of word meaning (e.g., color)
- Result: No Stroop interference effect
The Load Theory
- Attentional filtering can occur at various stages of processing
- Placement of the filter depends on the demands of the current task
- Low-load tasks: non-attended info processed later (at semantic level)
- High-load tasks: non-attended info processed earlier (perception level)
The Load Theory (2)
- Difficult task (high load): processes all info percept only
- Easier task (low load): processes all info to meaning stage
When Am I Most Distracted by the Cog Dog?
- The load theory applies to this question: low load on easy watched movie vs. higher load on new or complex watched movie
- Jurassic Park (low load) vs. Harry Potter(high load)
Two Ways to Define Load
- Central resource capacity view: one resource pool
- Multiple resource capacity view: multiple resources, dependent on the matching between relevant and irrelevant information
- Load is reached sooner if relevant and irrelevant info is from the same modality
Central Resource Capacity
- Driving simulator task under two conditions: low (no radio) and high (radio)
- Higher load means the performance decreases because of more sources of interference/distractions.
According to Multiple Resource Capacity?
- Driving and following directions is more challenging/distracting.
- Multiple resource capacity: it is more challenging to pay attention if directions are present (on the radio) alongside concentrating on driver's task (car control and driving).
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Description
This quiz explores various theories and models of visual perception, including template matching theory, prototype theory, and constructivist models. You'll tackle questions about the dorsal pathway, blindsight, and experimental findings in visual perception. Test your knowledge on these critical concepts and their implications in psychology.
