Questions and Answers
What type of reinforcement increases the likelihood of a response by adding a stimulus after the behavior is performed?
In Tolman’s study of latent learning, what animal did he primarily use for his experiments?
What process is described as a response becoming less likely to occur due to an event following it?
What is the process called that converts outside stimuli into neural activity?
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Which type of reinforcement schedule involves providing a reinforcer after a set number of responses?
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According to Weber's law, how is the difference threshold defined?
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Which learning theory is illustrated by Kohler's work with chimpanzees and their problem-solving abilities?
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What primarily determines the brightness of light as perceived by individuals?
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What does the term 'saturation' refer to in the context of color perception?
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Which type of punishment involves introducing an aversive stimulus to decrease a behavior?
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What is convergence in the context of vision?
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What phenomenon did Seligman discover that indicates a lack of response in a specific situation due to past experiences?
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What was the main contribution of Thomas Young to the understanding of color perception?
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What distinguishes an illusion from a hallucination?
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How does sensory adaptation influence perception?
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What is the difference between negative reinforcement and punishment?
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Long wavelengths of light are associated with which color at the visible spectrum?
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What may occur during an altered state of consciousness?
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What is the absolute threshold in the context of sensory perception?
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What does the Restorative Theory of Sleep propose?
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Which of the following activities can be classified as an altered state of consciousness?
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Binocular disparity refers to:
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Which of the following is NOT an example of an altered state of consciousness?
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Which of the following statements about illusions is true?
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What characteristic defines 'supertasters' in relation to taste buds?
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Which term is accurately associated with the somesthetic senses?
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What is NOT one of the systems included in somesthetic senses?
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How does the skin function beyond protecting the body?
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What does shape constancy refer to in visual perception?
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Which principle describes the human tendency to separate figures from their backgrounds?
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What function do special receptors in the muscles serve in the kinesthetic sense?
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Which of the following is a purpose of the skin, aside from protection?
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How do psychoactive drugs influence a person's experience?
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What is the primary focus of the dissociation theory of hypnosis?
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Which of the following drugs is classified as a depressant?
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Which statement accurately defines classical conditioning?
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What does higher-order conditioning involve?
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What role do meaningful experiences play in the synthesis of dreams?
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In the context of hypnosis, what does the social-cognitive theory suggest?
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What is spontaneous recovery in classical conditioning?
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Study Notes
Sensation and Perception
- Sensation is the activation of neural signals by special receptors in sense organs like eyes, ears, and taste buds.
- Transduction refers to the conversion of outside stimuli into neural activity.
Aspects of Light Perception
- Brightness is influenced by wave amplitude; higher waves correlate with brighter light.
- Color or hue depends on wave length; longer wavelengths appear red, while shorter wavelengths appear blue.
- Saturation signifies color purity; highly saturated colors contain single wavelengths, while less saturated colors include mixtures.
Perception of Color Theories
- Trichromatic Theory, proposed by Young and Helmholtz, posits that there are three types of color receptors.
- Altered states of consciousness may involve changes in mental activity, including daydreaming and meditative states.
Binocular Cues
- Convergence refers to the inward movement of the eyes when focusing on an object.
- Binocular disparity results from the slightly different images seen by each eye due to their distance apart.
Illusions and Hallucinations
- An illusion is a distorted perception of an actual stimulus, while hallucinations originate from brain activity and lack real external stimuli.
Sleep
- Sleep is vital for physical health and recovery.
- The Restorative Theory emphasizes the necessity of sleep for bodily restoration.
Learning Theories
- Cognitive Learning Theory indicates that learning can happen without direct reinforcement, as shown in Tolman's work with rats.
- Kohler's Insight Learning involved chimpanzees solving problems without trial and error after a period of contemplation.
Schedules of Reinforcement
- Partial reinforcement can be on an interval or ratio schedule, while continuous reinforcement involves every response.
- Punishment decreases the likelihood of a behavior recurring.
Types of Punishment
- Punishment by application involves presenting an unfavorable outcome, whereas avoidance of an undesirable situation leads to learned helplessness.
Somesthetic Senses
- Somesthetic senses include skin senses (pressure, temperature, pain), kinesthetic sense (body part location), and vestibular senses (movement and body position).
- Supertasters have a higher number of taste buds, necessitating less seasoning in food.
Perceptual Constancies
- Shape constancy allows recognition of shapes irrespective of orientation.
- Brightness constancy maintains perceived brightness regardless of lighting changes.
Gestalt Principles of Perception
- Figure-Ground Relationships emphasize the tendency to distinguish objects from their backgrounds.
Psychoactive Drugs
- Psychoactive drugs alter cognitive functions like thinking and memory.
- Drug categories include stimulants (Amphetamines, Cocaine), depressants (Barbiturates, Alcohol), and hallucinogens (LSD, PCP).
Hypnosis
- Hypnosis is a state of heightened suggestibility and can be useful for therapeutic purposes.
- Theories of hypnosis include Dissociation and Social-cognitive Theory, highlighting awareness splits and role assumptions.
Classical Conditioning
- Involves learning to elicit involuntary responses to a new stimulus.
- Key concepts include spontaneous recovery (return of extinguished CR) and higher-order conditioning (pairing strong CS with a new neutral stimulus).
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Description
Explore the intriguing concepts of sensation and perception, including the mechanisms of transduction and the various aspects of light perception. Delve into color theories and binocular cues that play vital roles in how we perceive our environment. This quiz will enhance your understanding of how our brains interpret sensory information.
