Sensation and Perception Overview
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Questions and Answers

What type of reinforcement increases the likelihood of a response by adding a stimulus after the behavior is performed?

  • Continuous reinforcement
  • Negative reinforcement
  • Punishment by application
  • Positive reinforcement (correct)
  • In Tolman’s study of latent learning, what animal did he primarily use for his experiments?

  • Cats
  • Rats (correct)
  • Dogs
  • Monkeys
  • What process is described as a response becoming less likely to occur due to an event following it?

  • Insight Learning
  • Latent Learning
  • Positive reinforcement
  • Punishment (correct)
  • What is the process called that converts outside stimuli into neural activity?

    <p>Transduction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of reinforcement schedule involves providing a reinforcer after a set number of responses?

    <p>Ratio schedule</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to Weber's law, how is the difference threshold defined?

    <p>The smallest difference detectable 50% of the time</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which learning theory is illustrated by Kohler's work with chimpanzees and their problem-solving abilities?

    <p>Cognitive Learning Theory</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What primarily determines the brightness of light as perceived by individuals?

    <p>The amplitude of the wave</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the term 'saturation' refer to in the context of color perception?

    <p>The purity of the color</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of punishment involves introducing an aversive stimulus to decrease a behavior?

    <p>Punishment by application</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is convergence in the context of vision?

    <p>The rotation of the two eyes to focus on a single object.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What phenomenon did Seligman discover that indicates a lack of response in a specific situation due to past experiences?

    <p>Learned helplessness</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the main contribution of Thomas Young to the understanding of color perception?

    <p>The development of the Trichromatic Theory</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes an illusion from a hallucination?

    <p>Illusions are based on real stimuli but perceived incorrectly.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does sensory adaptation influence perception?

    <p>It decreases sensitivity to constant stimuli</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the difference between negative reinforcement and punishment?

    <p>Negative reinforcement strengthens a behavior by removing an undesirable consequence, whereas punishment weakens a behavior.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Long wavelengths of light are associated with which color at the visible spectrum?

    <p>Red</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What may occur during an altered state of consciousness?

    <p>Disorganization and fuzziness of mental activity.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the absolute threshold in the context of sensory perception?

    <p>The lowest level of stimulation detectable 50% of the time</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the Restorative Theory of Sleep propose?

    <p>Sleep is necessary for physical health of the body.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following activities can be classified as an altered state of consciousness?

    <p>Achieving a meditative state</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Binocular disparity refers to:

    <p>The slight difference in images seen by each eye due to their separation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT an example of an altered state of consciousness?

    <p>Intense concentration with no distractions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements about illusions is true?

    <p>Illusions can be triggered by fatigue or stress.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characteristic defines 'supertasters' in relation to taste buds?

    <p>They have 20 times more taste buds than the average person.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which term is accurately associated with the somesthetic senses?

    <p>Soma, meaning 'body', and esthetic, meaning 'feeling'.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is NOT one of the systems included in somesthetic senses?

    <p>Auditory senses.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does the skin function beyond protecting the body?

    <p>It transmits information from the outside world to the central nervous system.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does shape constancy refer to in visual perception?

    <p>The perception of a solid object regardless of angle.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which principle describes the human tendency to separate figures from their backgrounds?

    <p>Figure-ground relationships.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What function do special receptors in the muscles serve in the kinesthetic sense?

    <p>They provide information about body location and movement.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a purpose of the skin, aside from protection?

    <p>To transmit external sensory information.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do psychoactive drugs influence a person's experience?

    <p>By altering thinking, perception, and memory</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary focus of the dissociation theory of hypnosis?

    <p>The awareness of actions while dissociated</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following drugs is classified as a depressant?

    <p>Alcohol</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement accurately defines classical conditioning?

    <p>Learning to elicit a reflex response to a previously neutral stimulus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does higher-order conditioning involve?

    <p>Pairing a strong conditioned stimulus with a new neutral stimulus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role do meaningful experiences play in the synthesis of dreams?

    <p>They are used to explain the brain's activation during dreams</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the context of hypnosis, what does the social-cognitive theory suggest?

    <p>Individuals assume roles based on expectations for the situation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is spontaneous recovery in classical conditioning?

    <p>The sudden reappearance of a previously extinguished conditioned response</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Sensation and Perception

    • Sensation is the activation of neural signals by special receptors in sense organs like eyes, ears, and taste buds.
    • Transduction refers to the conversion of outside stimuli into neural activity.

    Aspects of Light Perception

    • Brightness is influenced by wave amplitude; higher waves correlate with brighter light.
    • Color or hue depends on wave length; longer wavelengths appear red, while shorter wavelengths appear blue.
    • Saturation signifies color purity; highly saturated colors contain single wavelengths, while less saturated colors include mixtures.

    Perception of Color Theories

    • Trichromatic Theory, proposed by Young and Helmholtz, posits that there are three types of color receptors.
    • Altered states of consciousness may involve changes in mental activity, including daydreaming and meditative states.

    Binocular Cues

    • Convergence refers to the inward movement of the eyes when focusing on an object.
    • Binocular disparity results from the slightly different images seen by each eye due to their distance apart.

    Illusions and Hallucinations

    • An illusion is a distorted perception of an actual stimulus, while hallucinations originate from brain activity and lack real external stimuli.

    Sleep

    • Sleep is vital for physical health and recovery.
    • The Restorative Theory emphasizes the necessity of sleep for bodily restoration.

    Learning Theories

    • Cognitive Learning Theory indicates that learning can happen without direct reinforcement, as shown in Tolman's work with rats.
    • Kohler's Insight Learning involved chimpanzees solving problems without trial and error after a period of contemplation.

    Schedules of Reinforcement

    • Partial reinforcement can be on an interval or ratio schedule, while continuous reinforcement involves every response.
    • Punishment decreases the likelihood of a behavior recurring.

    Types of Punishment

    • Punishment by application involves presenting an unfavorable outcome, whereas avoidance of an undesirable situation leads to learned helplessness.

    Somesthetic Senses

    • Somesthetic senses include skin senses (pressure, temperature, pain), kinesthetic sense (body part location), and vestibular senses (movement and body position).
    • Supertasters have a higher number of taste buds, necessitating less seasoning in food.

    Perceptual Constancies

    • Shape constancy allows recognition of shapes irrespective of orientation.
    • Brightness constancy maintains perceived brightness regardless of lighting changes.

    Gestalt Principles of Perception

    • Figure-Ground Relationships emphasize the tendency to distinguish objects from their backgrounds.

    Psychoactive Drugs

    • Psychoactive drugs alter cognitive functions like thinking and memory.
    • Drug categories include stimulants (Amphetamines, Cocaine), depressants (Barbiturates, Alcohol), and hallucinogens (LSD, PCP).

    Hypnosis

    • Hypnosis is a state of heightened suggestibility and can be useful for therapeutic purposes.
    • Theories of hypnosis include Dissociation and Social-cognitive Theory, highlighting awareness splits and role assumptions.

    Classical Conditioning

    • Involves learning to elicit involuntary responses to a new stimulus.
    • Key concepts include spontaneous recovery (return of extinguished CR) and higher-order conditioning (pairing strong CS with a new neutral stimulus).

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    Description

    Explore the intriguing concepts of sensation and perception, including the mechanisms of transduction and the various aspects of light perception. Delve into color theories and binocular cues that play vital roles in how we perceive our environment. This quiz will enhance your understanding of how our brains interpret sensory information.

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