Visual Perception Pathways in Monkeys

Top-down processing and feature analysis combine to help one perceive things accurately by analyzing the features of stimuli and using prior knowledge to make sense of them.

Sensory memory holds all incoming information for seconds or fractions of a second.

Control processes, such as rehearsal and strategies of attention, actively influence the storage and retrieval of information in memory by helping to focus on specific stimuli and make them more memorable.

<p>Short-term memory holds information temporarily before it is either forgotten or transferred to long-term memory for longer storage.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The Modal Model of Memory illustrates how information enters sensory memory, is rehearsed and stored in short-term memory, and can be retrieved from long-term memory when needed.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The primary function of the 'what pathway' is object recognition, and the temporal lobe is primarily involved in this process.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The Ebbinghaus illusion affects object perception by making an object appear smaller or larger than its actual size due to the size of surrounding objects, but the vision for action system is not misled by this illusion.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Selective attention involves focusing on one thing while ignoring others, whereas divided attention involves paying attention to multiple things simultaneously. Both types of attention involve the ability to focus on specific stimuli or locations, as described by James, but differ in their scope and focus.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The parietal lobe is involved in the 'how and where pathway', which is responsible for guiding actions towards objects and determining their location in space. Damage to the parietal lobe can impair landmark discrimination.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Sustained attention refers to the ability to maintain focus on a task over time. This type of attention is closely related to James' concept of attention, as it involves the ability to take possession of an object or thought and maintain focus on it over time.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>By examining observable behavior, evaluating inferences about underlying cognitive activity, and considering the implications of this activity for understanding the mind</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Environmental energy stimulating the receptors and knowledge and expectations the observer brings to the situation</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The inverse projection problem, which makes it difficult to determine the object responsible for a particular image on the retina</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Based on added information</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Experience resulting from stimulation of the senses</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The model suggests that even unattended messages can be detected, particularly if they have a low threshold for detection, such as one's own name.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>After information has been analyzed for meaning.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The meaning of the biasing word affected participants' choice, even though they were unaware of its presentation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Low-load tasks require lower processing capacity, while high-load tasks require higher processing capacity.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It determines how much information a person can handle at any given moment, influencing what they attend to and perceive.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Inattentional blindness implies that unattended stimuli are not perceived, even if they are directly in the line of sight.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Change blindness is the difficulty in detecting changes in similar scenes due to the lack of attention, but once attention is directed to the changes, they become easily detectable.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The binding problem is the challenge of explaining how individual features of an object are integrated into a coherent percept, and attention plays a crucial role in this process by combining features in the focused attention stage.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Attention is responsible for combining features in the focused attention stage, leading to perception.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The preattentive stage involves the analysis of an object into individual features, while the focused attention stage involves the combination of those features into a coherent percept.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Working memory is concerned with the storage, processing, and manipulation of information, whereas short-term memory only holds information for a brief period of time. This distinction is important because it highlights the active role of working memory in complex tasks such as comprehension, learning, and reasoning.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Chunking allows individuals to group information into meaningful units, effectively increasing their working memory capacity by reducing the amount of information that needs to be processed.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The phonological loop is a component of working memory that deals with verbal and auditory information, and it consists of the phonological store and the articulatory rehearsal process. It is significant because it enables the temporary storage and manipulation of verbal and auditory information.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Working memory capacity is limited, and when it is overloaded with similar types of information, it can lead to difficulties in processing and retaining information. This has implications for our ability to learn and remember complex information.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The central executive is a component of working memory that coordinates and controls the processing of information, allowing us to engage in complex cognitive tasks such as comprehension, learning, and reasoning.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The primary function of iconic memory is the brief sensory memory of the things that we see, and it is responsible for the persistence of vision.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The duration of sensory memory affects our ability to report information by rapidly decaying, leading to a decrease in performance when the tone is delayed after the letters disappear.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Echoic memory is the brief sensory memory of the things that we hear, and it is responsible for the persistence of sound, which is a type of sensory memory.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The retrieval of information from long-term memory allows us to recall and reorder information, enabling us to reorder a takeaway by retrieving the phone number from long-term memory.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Attention plays a role in the process of reporting information by enabling participants to focus on specific rows of letters when prompted by a tone.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Sensory memory is related to perception as it is the initial stage of information processing, and it affects our ability to perceive and process visual information.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The capacity of sensory memory is limited, and the duration of sensory memory is brief, leading to a rapid decay of information and affecting our ability to report information.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The process of retrieval from long-term memory involves attention, enabling us to focus on specific information and retrieve it from memory.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Sensory memory plays a role in the processing of visual information by enabling us to retain visual information for a brief period of time, which is essential for perception.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Iconic memory is responsible for the persistence of vision, enabling us to retain visual information for a brief period of time and perceive the world around us.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Sustained attention is the ability to maintain focus on a task over time, while selective attention is the ability to focus on one message and ignore others. Sustained attention declines over time, whereas selective attention is a filtering process that prioritizes certain information.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The Mackworth Clock Task is a laboratory task that measures sustained attention in a monotonous environment, and it demonstrates the decline in performance over time, known as vigilance decrement. This task is significant because it shows how attention can deteriorate over time.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Inattentional blindness is a phenomenon where people fail to notice a stimulus or event because their attention is focused on something else. This is a result of selective attention, where the brain prioritizes certain information and filters out others.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Dichotic listening is a laboratory task that measures divided attention, where two messages are presented to each ear, and participants are asked to focus on one message. The invisible gorilla experiment is a task that measures selective attention, where participants are asked to focus on a task and ignore other stimuli. Both tasks demonstrate the limitations of attentional abilities.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Divided attention is the ability to process multiple sources of information simultaneously, while selective attention is the ability to focus on one message and ignore others. Both are important aspects of attention, and they relate to the concept of attention as described by James, who emphasized the importance of attention in perception and cognition.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The primary goal of the experiment is to evaluate if it is possible to completely filter out the message to the unattended ear and attend only to the shadowed message. It aims to evaluate selective attention.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Early selection models suggest that attention filtering occurs early in processing, intermediate selection models suggest that it occurs at an intermediate stage, and late selection models suggest that it occurs late in processing. Examples of each are Broadbent's filter model, Treisman's attenuation model, and MacKay's model respectively.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The Cocktail party effect suggests that the unattended message is being processed at some level, as changes in gender and tone are noticed despite attention not being selectively applied to the speaker. It suggests that attention is not completely selective and that some processing of the unattended message occurs.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Participants know that there is a message and they know the gender of the speaker, but they cannot report the content of the message. This suggests that some processing of the unattended message occurs, but it is not sufficient to allow for conscious awareness of the content.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Attention influences perception by filtering what information is processed and what is not. It affects what we perceive and how we perceive it. The concept of attention is crucial to understanding how we perceive the world around us.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Selective attention is attending to one thing while ignoring others, whereas divided attention is paying attention to more than one thing at a time. Both relate to James' concept of attention, which involves the ability to focus on specific stimuli or locations while withdrawing from others.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The Ebbinghaus illusion shows that object perception (what pathway) is affected by surrounding circles, while the vision for action system (how and where pathway) is not misled, indicating that these two pathways are separate and distinct.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Attention plays a crucial role in object perception by allowing us to focus on specific stimuli and prioritize information. The 'what pathway' is responsible for object perception, and attention influences how we process and perceive objects.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Sustained attention is maintaining focus on a task over time, which is a key aspect of James' concept of attention. This type of attention is crucial in visual perception, as it enables us to focus on specific stimuli and maintain attention over time.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Attention plays a crucial role in the perception of landmarks, and the parietal lobe is primarily involved in this process. The 'how and where pathway' is responsible for landmark perception, and attention influences how we process and prioritize spatial information.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Inattention</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Binding</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Change blindness</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Treisman's Feature Integration Theory</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Preattentive stage</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Iconic memory is the brief sensory memory of visual stimuli, responsible for persistence of vision, while echoic memory is the brief sensory memory of auditory stimuli, responsible for persistence of sound.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The rapid decay of iconic memory in Sperling's 1960 experiment demonstrates the limited capacity of sensory memory, and how attention is necessary to selectively focus on certain information and prevent information overload.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Attention plays a crucial role in working memory by filtering out irrelevant information, allowing for the selective focus on relevant information, and influencing the capacity of working memory, which has significant implications for our understanding of complex cognition and information processing.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Selective attention involves focusing on a specific stimulus or task while ignoring other stimuli, whereas divided attention involves processing multiple stimuli or tasks simultaneously, both of which are essential for understanding attention as described by James.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Sensory memory is responsible for the brief retention of sensory information, which is then processed and perceived, and attention plays a critical role in this processing by selectively focusing on relevant information and filtering out irrelevant information.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The persistence of vision is a key aspect of sensory memory, demonstrating the brief retention of visual information, and is closely related to iconic memory, which is responsible for the persistence of vision.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Attention plays a critical role in reporting information, as demonstrated in Sperling's 1960 experiment, by selectively focusing on relevant information and filtering out irrelevant information, which has significant implications for our understanding of human perception and cognition.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Early selection models propose that attention selects relevant information early in the processing stream, whereas late selection models propose that attention selects relevant information later in the processing stream, both of which are attempts to understand the concept of attention as described by James.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Attention is closely related to perception, as it selectively focuses on relevant information and influences the processing and interpretation of sensory information, which has significant implications for our understanding of the human visual system and perception.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The duration of sensory memory is critical for understanding attention, as it influences the amount of time available for attention to selectively focus on relevant information, and has significant implications for our understanding of perception and the human visual system.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Tresiman's model suggests that unattended messages can be detected, whereas MacKay's model suggests that selection of stimuli for final processing occurs after information has been analyzed for meaning.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Higher processing capacity is required for high-load tasks, whereas lower processing capacity is required for low-load tasks; this affects attentional resources available for processing information.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The biasing word affected participants' choice, even though they were unaware of its presentation, suggesting that attention is influenced by subtle cues.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Attention filters out irrelevant information, allowing us to focus on relevant stimuli, which is essential for accurate perception; this highlights the crucial role of attention in shaping our perception of reality.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The 'what pathway' is involved in object recognition, whereas the 'how and where pathway' is involved in object localization; attention plays a crucial role in guiding these processes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>High-load tasks use all of a person's cognitive resources, leaving no resources to process unattended stimuli, whereas low-load tasks use fewer cognitive resources, leaving some resources available to process unattended stimuli.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The Stroop Test demonstrates the concept of divided attention by showing interference between the word's name and the ink color, revealing that high-processing capacity is required for task completion.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Practice improves performance and leads to automatic processing, which occurs without intention and uses fewer cognitive resources.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Divided attention can be detrimental in situations requiring full attention, leading to increased risk and accidents, illustrating the importance of attention in everyday life.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The experiment showed that participants on the phone missed twice as many red lights and took longer to apply the brakes, demonstrating the dangers of divided attention and the limited capacity of attentional resources.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The experiment suggests that the unattended message is being processed at some level, despite participants not being able to report its content. This relates to the concept of selective attention as it implies that attention filtering occurs at some point in the processing of information, but the exact point is still debated among models such as Broadbent's filter model, Treisman's attenuation model, and MacKay's model.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Early selection models, such as Broadbent's filter model, suggest that attention filtering occurs before incoming information is analyzed for meaning, whereas late selection models, such as MacKay's model, suggest that attention filtering occurs after incoming information is analyzed for meaning. This difference relates to the processing of information as it affects how and when attention is allocated to relevant stimuli.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The Cocktail party effect suggests that despite attention not being selectively applied to the speaker, a change in gender and tone is noticed. This relates to the processing of the unattended message as it implies that the unattended message is being processed at some level, even if it is not consciously perceived.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The findings suggest that attention plays a crucial role in perception, and that attention filtering occurs at some point in the processing of information. This relates to models of attention, such as Broadbent's filter model, Treisman's attenuation model, and MacKay's model, which all attempt to explain how attention influences perception and behavior.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The primary debate among models of attention is when attention filtering occurs in the processing of information. Early selection models, such as Broadbent's filter model, suggest that attention filtering occurs before incoming information is analyzed for meaning, whereas late selection models, such as MacKay's model, suggest that attention filtering occurs after incoming information is analyzed for meaning. This debate relates to the processing of information as it affects how and when attention is allocated to relevant stimuli.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Perceptual load refers to the difficulty of a task, which affects the processing capacity required to complete it. Low-load tasks require less processing capacity, whereas high-load tasks require more. This concept is important for understanding attention in complex tasks because it suggests that attention is limited by the available processing capacity, and tasks that require more processing capacity may be more difficult to complete.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The biasing word in MacKay's study is significant because it shows that the meaning of the word can affect participants' choices even when they are not consciously aware of it. This relates to the concept of attention because it suggests that attention can be influenced by unconscious factors, such as the meaning of words.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Attention relates to the processing capacity of an individual because it determines how much information can be processed at any given time. The implications of this relationship are that individuals with higher processing capacity may be better able to focus attention on multiple tasks, leading to better performance in complex cognitive tasks.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Early selection models propose that attention selects stimuli for processing before semantic analysis, whereas late selection models propose that attention selects stimuli after semantic analysis. This relates to the concept of attention as described by James because it highlights the different ways in which attention can be directed, either before or after meaning is assigned to stimuli.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Attention influences the ability to process and retain information in working memory by determining what information is selected for processing and storage. The implications of this relationship are that individuals with better attentional control may be better able to process and retain complex information, leading to better performance in complex cognitive tasks.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>According to the load theory of attention, high-load tasks use all of a person's cognitive resources, leaving no resources to process unattended stimuli, whereas low-load tasks use fewer cognitive resources, leaving resources available to process unattended stimuli.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Automatic processing occurs when a task becomes automatic, requiring fewer cognitive resources, and is facilitated by practice, allowing for more efficient divided attention.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Divided attention can be detrimental in real-world situations, such as driving or operating heavy machinery, as it can lead to decreased performance and increased risk, highlighting the importance of attentional resources in these situations.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Selective attention focuses on a single task, whereas divided attention involves processing multiple tasks simultaneously, and both relate to James' concept of attention as a limited resource.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Attentional resources and processing capacity are closely related, as they both refer to the limited cognitive resources available for processing information, and have implications for perception and cognition, such as influencing what information is processed and how it is processed.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Sustained attention is the ability to maintain focus on a task over time, while selective attention is the ability to focus on one message and ignore others. Both relate to James' concept of attention as the process of selectively concentrating on certain aspects of the environment.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The Mackworth Clock Task, created by Norman Mackworth, measures sustained attention by having participants detect targets on a radar screen over a 2-hour period. The decline in performance over time demonstrates the vigilance decrement.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Divided attention is the ability to process multiple sources of information simultaneously, while selective attention is the ability to focus on one message and ignore others. Both relate to James' concept of attention as the process of selectively concentrating on certain aspects of the environment.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Inattentional blindness is the phenomenon where people fail to notice a stimulus (e.g. a gorilla) when they are focused on another task. It demonstrates the concept of selective attention by showing how people can selectively concentrate on certain aspects of the environment and ignore others.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The dichotic listening experiment measures divided attention by presenting two different messages to participants' left and right ears. It demonstrates how people can process multiple sources of information simultaneously, relating to James' concept of attention as the process of selectively concentrating on certain aspects of the environment.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Attention is linked to visual perception, and inattentional blindness occurs when a stimulus is not attended to, resulting in it not being perceived even if it is directly looked at.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The binding problem refers to the challenge of explaining how an object's individual features become combined, and Treisman's Feature Integration Theory proposes that objects enter a preattentive stage where they are analyzed into features, followed by a focused attention stage where features are combined, leading to perception.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Change blindness is the difficulty in detecting changes in similar but slightly different scenes presented one after another, and it relates to attention because attention is necessary to detect these changes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Attention influences the process of binding by facilitating the combination of an object's individual features, leading to a coherent perception of the object, and the implications are that attention is essential for object perception.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Attention is essential for creating a coherent world by binding features together to form a unified perception of an object, and the role of attention in binding is to facilitate the combination of features, leading to a coherent perception.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Sustained attention refers to maintaining focus on a task over time, while selective attention involves attending to one thing while ignoring others. Both concepts relate to James' definition of attention as 'the taking posession by the mind, in clear and vivid form, of one of what seem several simultaneously possible objects or trains of thought.'</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Attention plays a crucial role in object perception by selectively focusing on specific stimuli or locations, allowing for more efficient processing of visual information. This is evident in the 'what pathway' and 'how and where pathway' that process different aspects of visual information. The implications for our understanding of object perception are that attention significantly influences what we perceive and how we process visual information.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Divided attention can affect the perception of visual illusions, such as the Ebbinghaus illusion, as it can lead to misperception of the size of objects due to the influence of surrounding stimuli. This relates to the concept of attention as it highlights the importance of focus and selective processing of visual information.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Attention is a critical component of perception, as it selectively focuses on specific stimuli or locations, allowing for more efficient processing of visual information. This is evident in the 'what pathway' and 'how and where pathway' that process different aspects of visual information. The implications for our understanding of human cognition are that attention significantly influences what we perceive and how we process visual information.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The 'what pathway' is involved in object recognition and corresponds to the perception pathway from the visual cortex to the temporal lobe, whereas the 'how and where pathway' is involved in object location and corresponds to the action pathway from the visual cortex to the parietal lobe. Both pathways relate to the concept of attention as they require selective focus on specific stimuli or locations.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Sensory memory is responsible for the persistence of vision, which is the retention of the perception of light. Iconic memory is a type of sensory memory that is responsible for the brief retention of visual information.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The tone allowed participants to report more letters, and this reveals that the capacity of sensory memory is limited, but can be accessed quickly with the right cues.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Sensory memory is a brief retention of sensory information, while short-term memory is a longer retention of information. Attention plays a crucial role in transferring information from sensory memory to short-term memory.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Attention influences what we perceive and how we process visual information. The implications are that attention plays a crucial role in shaping our understanding of the world around us.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The decay of iconic memory reveals the limited capacity and duration of sensory memory, and attention plays a crucial role in accessing this information.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Attention influences what information is reported and how accurately it is reported. The experiment demonstrates the importance of attention in accessing information in sensory memory.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Attention is the primary cognitive function that explains why people might not perceive a stimulus even if they are directly looking at it.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Sensory memory provides the raw material for perception, and attention plays a crucial role in shaping what we perceive.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Attention plays a crucial role in processing and retaining information in working memory, and the implications are that attention is essential for complex cognition.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Selective attention involves focusing on one stimulus, while divided attention involves processing multiple stimuli. Both are important aspects of the concept of attention as described by James.</p> Signup and view all the answers