Visual Imagery Concepts and Experiments

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Questions and Answers

Which of the following is NOT a key topic discussed in the lecture?

  • Spatial vs Propositional Representations
  • Cognitive Neuroscience (correct)
  • The Imagery Debate
  • Imagery & Perception

Mental imagery is the ability to mentally imagine a sensory experience even when the actual stimulus is not present.

True (A)

What is visual imagery? Provide a brief and concise definition.

Visual imagery is the mental experience of 'seeing' an object or scene in the absence of actual visual input.

The Imagery Debate centers around the question of whether mental representations are primarily ______ (based on spatial relationships) or ______ (based on abstract propositions).

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Zenon Pylyshyn believed that imagery is spatial in nature.

<p>False (B)</p>
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Which of the following is NOT a piece of evidence supporting the idea that imagery is spatial?

<p>Propositional representation (A)</p>
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What is the key difference between a spatial and a propositional representation of imagery, according to the text?

<p>A spatial representation is based on visual or spatial information, while a propositional representation uses abstract symbols and relationships to represent information.</p>
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The theory that imagery is propositional in nature was proposed by _____.

<p>Zenon Pylyshyn</p>
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Match the following terms with their definitions:

<p>Mental rotation = The ability to mentally turn an object in space Mental scanning = The ability to mentally move from one part of an image to another Propositional representation = A symbolic representation of information using relationships between objects Spatial representation = A representation of information based on visual or spatial properties</p>
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Which method involves placing images of objects at different locations in a mental image of a spatial layout?

<p>Method of Loci (C)</p>
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Bizarreness in imagery enhances memory retention.

<p>False (B)</p>
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What is the maximum number of objects/events you should pick for the Method of Loci?

<p>7</p>
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The __________ method associates imagery with concrete words.

<p>Pegword</p>
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Match the method with its description:

<p>Method of Loci = Placing images in a spatial layout for recall Pegword Method = Associating imagery with concrete words Bizareness Effect = No significant enhancement in memory Interactive Imagery = Better remembered than non-interacting images</p>
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According to dual-coding theory, which type of nouns is more memorable?

<p>Concrete nouns (A)</p>
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Imagery has no effect on memory retention.

<p>False (B)</p>
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What is Paivio's paired-associate learning task?

<p>A task where participants learn pairs of words and later recall one word based on the other.</p>
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The method that uses visualizing a familiar place to enhance memory is called the _______.

<p>Method of Loci</p>
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Match the following memory techniques with their descriptions:

<p>Method of Loci = Using a familiar environment to remember items Pegword technique = Associating items with a predetermined list of words Visualizing interactions = Creating images that combine multiple concepts Bizarre imagery = Using unusual images to improve memory recall</p>
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Which of the following enhances memory through the organizational effect of imagery?

<p>Method of Loci (C)</p>
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Which area of the brain is primarily involved in visual imagery?

<p>Occipital lobe (A)</p>
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Wollen's study indicated that bizarre images helped in memory retention.

<p>True (A)</p>
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According to dual-coding theory, how do concrete nouns assist memory?

<p>They create images that other words can 'hang onto'.</p>
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Imagery response can occur in only one distinct area of the brain.

<p>False (B)</p>
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What is the purpose of pegword mnemonic technique?

<p>To aid in remembering a list of items by associating them with rhyming words.</p>
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The process of creating mental images from words is known as _____ imagery.

<p>visual</p>
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Match the following processes with their corresponding descriptions:

<p>ERP's = Measure brain response to stimuli through electrical activity Neuropsychological case studies = Insights drawn from individual brain injuries Brain Imaging = Techniques to visualize brain activity Imagery neurons = Neurons that respond specifically to visual imagery</p>
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In neuropsychological case studies, which patient had part of their visual cortex removed?

<p>Patient M.G.S (C)</p>
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Concrete nouns are easier to create images for than abstract nouns.

<p>True (A)</p>
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Name one advantage of using imagery in memory retention.

<p>Imagery enhances recall by creating vivid and memorable associations.</p>
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What does visual imagery allow individuals to do?

<p>See images in the absence of a visual stimulus (D)</p>
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Mental imagery is the same as visual imagery.

<p>False (B)</p>
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What are the two main types of representations discussed in the imagery debate?

<p>Spatial and Propositional</p>
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Imagery & _____ are closely connected in cognitive psychology, particularly in how we represent memories and perceptions.

<p>Perception</p>
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What aspect of visual imagery is supported by Kosslyn's research?

<p>Imagery is spatial in nature. (B)</p>
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Imagery and perception share all mechanisms.

<p>False (B)</p>
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What does the mental walk task aim to demonstrate?

<p>The relationship between imagery and perception by estimating distances to imagined objects.</p>
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According to Paivio's dual-coding theory, memory is served by two systems: ___________ and ___________.

<p>verbal coding, imagery coding</p>
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What happens to the details perceived as you move closer to an object?

<p>More details become available (D)</p>
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Imagery is more stable compared to perception.

<p>False (B)</p>
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What is a key difference between perception and imagery?

<p>Perception occurs automatically, while imagery requires effort to generate.</p>
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The ability to perceive and describe details diminishes as the __________ to an object increases.

<p>distance</p>
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What implication does the mental walk task provide about imagery?

<p>Imagery fills the visual field similarly to perception. (D)</p>
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Flashcards

Mental Imagery

The ability to form images in your mind without actual stimuli.

Visual Imagery

The experience of 'seeing' without a visual stimulus present.

Imagery Debate

Discussion on how mental images are represented, spatially or propositionally.

Spatial Representation

A way of representing information through physical space and locations.

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Propositional Representation

Representing information through logical statements about objects and their relationships.

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Mental Rotation

The process of visualizing an object from different angles in one’s mind, showing a linear relationship with response time.

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Mental Scanning

A technique where one imagines moving through a space or object mentally to gauge its dimensions or attributes.

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Organizational Effect of Imagery

The enhancement of memory through visual associations and structured imagery.

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Method of Loci

A memory technique that involves placing items to remember in specific locations within a mental image of a space.

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Interactive Images

Images that are combined in a way that helps enhance recall compared to static images.

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Pegword Method

A mnemonic strategy that uses rhyme and imagery to remember sequences of items.

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Bizareness Effect

The effect where unusual or bizarre images can enhance memorization to some extent.

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Pegword System

A mnemonic technique where words are associated with numbers through rhyme to aid memory.

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Imagery Neurons

Neurons that fire in response to visual imagery and specific categories of objects.

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Area V1

The primary visual receiving area in the brain, involved in processing imagery.

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Event-Related Potentials (ERPs)

Brain responses that are measured to assess processing of concrete and abstract nouns.

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Concrete Nouns vs. Abstract Nouns

Concrete nouns are easily visualized (like 'truck'), while abstract nouns are harder (like 'peace').

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Neuropsychological Evidence

Research involving patients with brain injuries to understand brain functions related to imagery.

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Temporal Lobe

A brain region involved in processing both imagery and auditory information.

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Brain Imaging Studies

Research techniques that visualize brain activity during tasks, showing areas activated by imagery.

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Kosslyn's Idea

The theory that visual imagery is spatial in nature.

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Size-Distance Relationship

The connection between how far you are from an object and how much detail you can see.

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Visual Field Impact

The area you can see which affects the details perceived.

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Mental Walk Task

An exercise to visualize walking towards an object to estimate distance.

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Perception vs. Imagery

Imagery requires effort, while perception is automatic.

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Imagery Fragility

Imagined images are less stable compared to perceived images.

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Overflows in Images

When an image occupies the entire visual field during imagery.

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Dual-Coding Theory

Paivio's concept that memory is supported by both visual and verbal systems.

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Similarity of Imagery and Perception

Imagery and perception share mechanisms but are not identical.

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Spatial Evidence

Proof that images created in the mind are spatially represented.

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Concrete Nouns

Nouns that can create visual images, enhancing memory retention.

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Abstract Nouns

Nouns that are difficult to visualize, leading to poorer memory recall.

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Paired-Associate Learning

A memory technique where participants recall a word associated with another word.

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Conceptual Peg Hypothesis

Suggests that concrete nouns provide image 'pegs' for remembering other words.

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Pegword Technique

A mnemonic where information is remembered by associating it with a list of words.

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Study Notes

Visual Imagery

  • What is mental imagery? Forming mental images, even without the physical stimulus. Experiencing sensory impressions without sensory input.

  • Types of Visual Imagery:

    • Visual imagery: "seeing" without a visual stimulus (e.g., describing a face).
    • Other senses also have mental imagery (e.g., smell, taste, touch).

The Imagery Debate: Spatial vs Propositional

  • Spatial vs Propositional Representations:
    • Debate about the underlying representation in the mind.

Visual Imagery: Shepard & Metzler (1971) Mental Rotation Experiment

  • Experiment: Participants judged if shapes were the same object rotated, or different objects.
  • Measurements: Reaction time (RT) to compare objects depending on rotation angle.
  • Findings:
    • Longer RT for objects needing greater rotation.
    • Supports the idea of mental rotation.
    • Linear relationship between reaction time and angle of orientation.

Visual Imagery: Image Scanning

  • Experiment (Kosslyn, 1980, 1994): Participants mentally scanned a spatial map.
  • Measurements: Reaction time depending on distance between locations on the mental image.
  • Findings:
    • Longer reaction times for scanning further distances. Indicating spatial representations during image scanning.
    • Further support for the idea that imagery uses spatial representations.

Imagery & Perception

  • Both imagery and perception share similar mechanisms in the brain, but imagery might be less vivid and longer lasting.
  • The spatial layout of the stimulus is the same (in perception and imagery).

Imagery & Memory

  • Paivio's Dual-Coding Theory: Memory is improved if information is encoded both visually & verbally.

  • Paired-associate learning: Memory for concrete words (evoking mental images) is better than abstract words.

  • Using imagery to improve memory:

    • Visualizing Interacting Images: Visualizing interacting images improves memory more than non-interacting images, especially bizarre ones.
    • Organizational Effect of Imagery: The "Method of Loci" uses a mental map to help remember ordered information.
  • Pegword method uses rhyming to link items.

Imagery & The Brain

  • Evidence from ERP's, Brain Imaging, Imagery Neurons, and Neuropsychological Case Studies (e.g., transcranial magnetic stimulation):
    • The occipital lobe, especially area V1 is important in imagery.
    • Some neurons fire specifically when processing images.
    • Damaging parts of the visual cortex impacts the ability to do imagery tasks.

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