Psychology Week 10: Mental Imagery
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Questions and Answers

What was the primary focus of Kosslyn's 1973 experiment?

  • To assess the accuracy of visual perception
  • To compare mental scanning times to visual scanning times (correct)
  • To measure memory retention
  • To explore the effects of distractions on mental tasks

    • The timer was turned off at the start of the scanning process.

    False

    What task was participants instructed to do before the mental scanning?

    Memorise a bunch of images

    In the mental scanning experiment, participants had to record how long it takes to complete the ______.

    <p>scan</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following components of the mental scanning experiment with their descriptions:

    <p>End scan = Timer off Start scan = Timer on Complete the scan = Record duration</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does depictive coding mainly rely on?

    <p>Pictures and visual scenes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Mental images are coded only as abstract language.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary focus of Week 10 in PSYC 221?

    <p>Both A and C</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What term is used to describe moving our vision around a mental image?

    <p>Mental scanning</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Propositional coding allows for __________ representations to emerge.

    <p>depictive</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Aphantasia refers to individuals who have vivid visual mental imagery.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the definition of mental imagery?

    <p>The ability to imagine a perceptual or sensory experience without a stimulus present.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the type of coding with its description:

    <p>Depictive coding = Mental imagery based on pictures Propositional coding = Mental representation based on abstract language Mental scanning = Moving attention around a mental image Visual scanning = Moving vision around a visual scene</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to the debated sides, which of the following supports the depictive side?

    <p>Response times in mental scanning are similar to visual scanning.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The Vividness of Visual Imagery Questionnaire (VVIQ) is used to assess ___ imagery.

    <p>object</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Agreement exists that people do not experience mental images.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the types of mental imagery with their descriptions:

    <p>Aphantasia = No voluntary visual mental imagery Phantasia = Some degree of visual imagery Hyperphantasia = Extremely vivid imagery Imagery in dreams = Imagery that occurs during sleep</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a method to assess visual mental imagery?

    <p>Auditory recall test</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one common agreement about mental imagery?

    <p>People experience mental images.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Mental imagery can only be tested through questionnaires.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the core of the mental imagery debate?

    <p>How mental images are represented and what the code is.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does longer mental scanning times indicate according to the Propositionalist view?

    <p>It is consistent with the Propositional Side.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Mental scanning times for visual images do not correlate with the time taken to scan a list of propositions.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What were participants asked to memorize in the second mental scanning experiment?

    <p>Landmarks</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In mental scanning, a longer distance between items in a mental image results in a longer _____ time.

    <p>scan</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following scanning types with their descriptions:

    <p>Mental Scan = Scans an image in our mind Visual Scan = Scans a physical representation Close Scan = Scanning items that are nearby Far Scan = Scanning items that are farther away</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which term describes the view that people might be scanning a list of propositions instead of mental pictures?

    <p>Propositionalist</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The first mental scanning experiment confirmed the visual nature of mental images.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main question being investigated regarding mental and visual scans in the experiments?

    <p>Do mental scan times map to visual scan times?</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main aim of the propositionalist in the context of depicting evidence?

    <p>To show that depictive representation is NOT possible</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Falsification in science aims to prove that things are the case.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the conclusion drawn from observing mostly white swans with one black swan?

    <p>All swans are NOT white.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the mental imagery debate, the two fundamental coding methods being discussed are __________ and __________.

    <p>depictive, propositional</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the terms related to the mental imagery debate with their descriptions:

    <p>Depictive Representation = Visual representation in the mind Propositional Code = Symbolic representation of information Falsification = Process of disproving a theory Mental Imagery = Experiencing visual representations without external stimuli</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement best describes the challenge posed to depictive evidence?

    <p>The ease of remembering shapes varies based on their representation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    There is a strong consensus among researchers about the superiority of depictive coding over propositional coding.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of evidence is said to be stronger when challenging depictive representations?

    <p>Evidence against depictive</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does dual-coding theory suggest about memory?

    <p>Concrete words benefit from both images and language.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Involuntary auditory imagery can often lead to songs getting stuck in your head, also known as 'earworms'.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Define the term 'commercial imagery' as it relates to mental images.

    <p>Commercial imagery refers to the mental images we associate with products or brands, often triggered by advertisements.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The ______ effect suggests that memory is enhanced for words that represent tangible objects.

    <p>concreteness</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the types of auditory imagery with their definitions:

    <p>Voluntary Auditory Imagery = Imagining tunes or rhythms when prompted Involuntary Auditory Imagery = Having songs stuck in your head</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of mental imagery is primarily associated with hearing notes in one's mind upon command?

    <p>Voluntary auditory imagery</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to the content, auditory imagery is considered less critical than visual imagery.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one predicted outcome of dual-coding theory?

    <p>Better recall of information when both visual and verbal cues are used.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The mental imagery debate involves conflicting views on the nature of mental representations, particularly focusing on ______ vs. depictive coding.

    <p>propositional</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a feature that affects auditory imagery?

    <p>The clarity of the sound</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which hypothesis suggests that there is no hemispheric specialization for language at birth?

    <p>Equipotentiality hypothesis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The critical period for language acquisition refers to a time window during which an ability must be acquired, regardless of biological development.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What percentage of songs were correctly classified as infant-directed song (IDSong) or adult-directed song (ADSong) in the study?

    <p>93%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term used to describe the unique speech characteristics often directed towards infants?

    <p>Infant-directed speech</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Infants show a preference for infant-directed song over adult-directed song.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Left-hemisphere specialization for language is thought to be established during the ______ period of early development.

    <p>critical</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one possible function of infant-directed song?

    <p>To aid language acquisition</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following types of speech or song to their descriptions:

    <p>Infant-directed speech = Speech characterized by a higher pitch and exaggerated intonation Infant-directed song = Melodic communication aimed at engaging and soothing infants Babbling = Repeated consonant-vowel combinations produced by infants Gestures = Non-verbal communication that supports language development</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The study by Trainor in 1996 explored whether adults can recognize ________ singing.

    <p>infant-directed</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements about babbling is true?

    <p>Babbling includes key stages that contribute to later speech development</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the terms with their associated functions:

    <p>IDSong = Encourages emotional bonding ADSong = Often contains complex structures Play songs = More rhythmic and upbeat Lullabies = Calming and soothing</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Evidence suggests that infants show left-hemisphere activity when they hear speech sounds.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What aspect distinguishes play songs from lullabies?

    <p>Play songs are more rhythmic</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the two hypotheses concerning brain specialization for language discussed in the content?

    <p>Equipotentiality hypothesis and Invariance hypothesis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Do adults from the same culture typically recognize infant-directed singing from adult-directed singing?

    <p>Yes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Infant-directed singing does not affect language acquisition.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement about Genie is true?

    <p>Genie had no language exposure until age 13.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Younger learners of a second language are generally less proficient than older learners.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is babbling in the context of infant speech production?

    <p>Babbling is the production of sounds that involves phonemes spanning human languages.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The stage of babbling characterized by typical syllable sequences is known as __________.

    <p>Canonical-syllable</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the stages of developmental babbling with their descriptions:

    <p>Quasi-resonant vocalisation (QRV) = Whiny vocalisations, not fully resonant Fully-resonant vowel (FRV) = Vowel sounds only, more speech-like Marginal-syllable = Consonant and vowel sounds with slow transitions Canonical-syllable = Typical syllable sequences for a language</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is perceptual attunement in the context of language acquisition?

    <p>The narrowing of sound perception to language-specific sounds.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Sign language learners who start early tend to have better grammar than those who learn it later.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What challenge arises from Genie’s case study regarding her language development?

    <p>Her complex personal history and other developmental delays.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary aim of the Looking-Time Preference Procedure?

    <p>To determine if infants prefer a certain sound based on their looking time</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The Head-Turn Procedure assesses infant interest in a prolonged sound.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Define infant-directed speech (IDS).

    <p>Infant-directed speech is a type of speech characterized by a higher pitch, exaggerated intonation, and slower tempo, used by adults when communicating with infants.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The ______ procedure tests whether infants can detect novelty or changes in sound.

    <p>Habituation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following methods with their descriptions:

    <p>Looking-Time Preference Procedure = If infants look longer in one direction, they prefer that sound Head-Turn Procedure = If infants turn their head when auditory changes occur, they detect the change Habituation Procedure = If infants look longer at novel sounds, they detect a change</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How might infant-directed speech (IDS) influence language acquisition?

    <p>By enhancing the emotional connection to language</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Infant-directed speech is universally used across all cultures in the same manner.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What influences the method chosen to measure speech perception in infants?

    <p>The specific predictions about infant responses or preferences.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the main finding regarding infants' discrimination of unfamiliar vowel sounds in the study by Falk et al. (2020)?

    <p>There was no difference between song and speech conditions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Infants showed a preference for infant-directed singing over infant-directed speech when presented with unfamiliar vowel sounds.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What age range of infants was involved in the experiments mentioned?

    <p>4-6 months</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the experiment by Falk et al. (2020), infants were able to discriminate between _____ vowel sounds.

    <p>unfamiliar</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following types of speech with their respective characteristics:

    <p>Infant-directed speech = A speech style characterized by a higher pitch and exaggerated intonation Infant-directed singing = A melodic form of speech that may enhance attention and interest Familiar vowel sounds = Sounds that infants have previously been exposed to Unfamiliar vowel sounds = Sounds that are novel to the infants and may provoke curiosity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is infant-directed speech (IDS)?

    <p>A special way adults communicate with infants, characterized by exaggerated speech patterns</p> Signup and view all the answers

    All cultures use infant-directed speech in the same manner.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are two acoustic features that change when adults engage in infant-directed speech?

    <p>Higher pitch and slower speech</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In a study of Cantonese speakers, infant-directed speech showed more ______ compared to adult-directed speech.

    <p>tone hyperarticulation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the study findings with their descriptions related to infant-directed speech:

    <p>Study 1 = Exaggeration in speech sounds enhances infants' perception Study 2 = Clarity of important sounds aids in language learning Rattansone et al. (2013) = Demonstrated acoustic changes by age of infant</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following concludes that IDS varies by age of the infant?

    <p>Younger infants receive more exaggerated speech patterns than older infants.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The use of infant-directed speech does not persist beyond the first year of life.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The tendency to alter communication with infants is termed ______.

    <p>infant-directed communication</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Week 10: Mental Imagery

    • Definition: The ability to imagine perceptual/sensory experiences without external stimulation.
    • Different senses: Visual, auditory imagery are discussed today.
    • Mental Image (Internal): A mental representation of an external object/scene.
    • Mental Imagery and Memory: A topic explored in the current class.
    • Vividness of Visual Imagery Questionnaire (VVIQ): A questionnaire used to assess object imagery.
    • VVIQ Rating Scale: A 5-point scale used to rate image vividness (from "no image" to "vivid as real seeing").
    • Visual Mental Imagery Tasks: Testing visual imagery abilities.
    • Types of Mental Imagery: Visual and auditory.
    • Mental Imagery Debate: Focuses on how mental images are represented (picture-based/depictive code vs. linguistic/propositional code).
    • Depictive Code: Represents mental images as pictures, preserving spatial relationships.
    • Propositional Code: Represents mental images abstractly, storing relationships rather than visual details.
    • Mental Scanning: Moving attention across a mental image, similar to scanning a physical scene. (Studies by Kosslyn)
    • Mental Rotation: Mentally turning an object in the mind. Response time increases with the degree/angle of rotation (Studies by Collins & Kimura).
    • Mental Scaling: The size and detail of imagined objects depend on the perceived distance (Studies by Kosslyn).
    • Mental Imagery and Memory Explained in the current lecture.
    • Dual-Coding Theory: Emphasizes the importance of both pictoral and linguistic/verbal data for memory.
    • Concreteness Effect: Better memory for concrete words (e.g., "tree") than abstract words (e.g., "peace" or "hope"). Dual-coding theory explains why this is so.
    • Research assistants (RA) expectations: Can influence the outcomes of experiments.
    • Earworms: Involuntary auditory imagery experiences, songs/melodies playing in the head.
    • Auditory Imagery: Imagining sounds.
    • Voluntary vs. Involuntary Imagery: A difference discussed in the lecture.
    • Methodology and logic of different experiment types: Includes mental scanning, mental rotation, mental scaling.
    • Relationship between perception and imagery: Their interactions are mentioned.
    • Falsification: In science, we aim to disprove theories, not prove them.
    • The mental imagery debate conclusion: The current lecture concluded that some debate still exists regarding the nature of mental imagery encoding.

    In-Class Assignments

    • In-class on one's own: List words for memory tasks.
    • In groups of 3-4: Answer questions about the topics of mental imagery (~20 minutes).

    Learning Outcomes

    • Different methods for assessing and understanding mental imagery.
    • Testing theoretical predictions related to mental imagery.
    • Identifying and understanding different types of mental imagery and how they function.

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    Related Documents

    Week 10: Mental Imagery PSYC 221 Fall 2024 PDF
    Infant-Directed Speech and Song (PSYC 211, Fall 2024) PDF

    Description

    Explore the fascinating concept of mental imagery as discussed in Psychology Week 10. This quiz covers definitions, types of mental imagery, the Vividness of Visual Imagery Questionnaire (VVIQ), and debates surrounding mental representations. Test your knowledge on visual and auditory imagery as well as related memory aspects.

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