Psychology Week 10: Mental Imagery

False (B)

Memorise a bunch of images

<p>scan</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>End scan = Timer off Start scan = Timer on Complete the scan = Record duration</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Pictures and visual scenes (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Both A and C (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Mental scanning</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>depictive</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The ability to imagine a perceptual or sensory experience without a stimulus present.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Depictive coding = Mental imagery based on pictures Propositional coding = Mental representation based on abstract language Mental scanning = Moving attention around a mental image Visual scanning = Moving vision around a visual scene</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Response times in mental scanning are similar to visual scanning. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>object</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Aphantasia = No voluntary visual mental imagery Phantasia = Some degree of visual imagery Hyperphantasia = Extremely vivid imagery Imagery in dreams = Imagery that occurs during sleep</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Auditory recall test (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>People experience mental images.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>How mental images are represented and what the code is.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It is consistent with the Propositional Side. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Landmarks</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>scan</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Mental Scan = Scans an image in our mind Visual Scan = Scans a physical representation Close Scan = Scanning items that are nearby Far Scan = Scanning items that are farther away</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Propositionalist (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Do mental scan times map to visual scan times?</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To show that depictive representation is NOT possible (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>All swans are NOT white.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>depictive, propositional</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Depictive Representation = Visual representation in the mind Propositional Code = Symbolic representation of information Falsification = Process of disproving a theory Mental Imagery = Experiencing visual representations without external stimuli</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The ease of remembering shapes varies based on their representation. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Evidence against depictive</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Concrete words benefit from both images and language. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Commercial imagery refers to the mental images we associate with products or brands, often triggered by advertisements.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>concreteness</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Voluntary Auditory Imagery = Imagining tunes or rhythms when prompted Involuntary Auditory Imagery = Having songs stuck in your head</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Voluntary auditory imagery (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Better recall of information when both visual and verbal cues are used.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>propositional</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The clarity of the sound (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Equipotentiality hypothesis (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>93% (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Infant-directed speech</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>critical</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To aid language acquisition</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Infant-directed speech = Speech characterized by a higher pitch and exaggerated intonation Infant-directed song = Melodic communication aimed at engaging and soothing infants Babbling = Repeated consonant-vowel combinations produced by infants Gestures = Non-verbal communication that supports language development</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>infant-directed</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Babbling includes key stages that contribute to later speech development (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>IDSong = Encourages emotional bonding ADSong = Often contains complex structures Play songs = More rhythmic and upbeat Lullabies = Calming and soothing</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Play songs are more rhythmic (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Equipotentiality hypothesis and Invariance hypothesis</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Yes</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Genie had no language exposure until age 13. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Babbling is the production of sounds that involves phonemes spanning human languages.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Canonical-syllable</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Quasi-resonant vocalisation (QRV) = Whiny vocalisations, not fully resonant Fully-resonant vowel (FRV) = Vowel sounds only, more speech-like Marginal-syllable = Consonant and vowel sounds with slow transitions Canonical-syllable = Typical syllable sequences for a language</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The narrowing of sound perception to language-specific sounds. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Her complex personal history and other developmental delays.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To determine if infants prefer a certain sound based on their looking time (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Infant-directed speech is a type of speech characterized by a higher pitch, exaggerated intonation, and slower tempo, used by adults when communicating with infants.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Habituation</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Looking-Time Preference Procedure = If infants look longer in one direction, they prefer that sound Head-Turn Procedure = If infants turn their head when auditory changes occur, they detect the change Habituation Procedure = If infants look longer at novel sounds, they detect a change</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>By enhancing the emotional connection to language (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The specific predictions about infant responses or preferences.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>There was no difference between song and speech conditions. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>4-6 months</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>unfamiliar</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Infant-directed speech = A speech style characterized by a higher pitch and exaggerated intonation Infant-directed singing = A melodic form of speech that may enhance attention and interest Familiar vowel sounds = Sounds that infants have previously been exposed to Unfamiliar vowel sounds = Sounds that are novel to the infants and may provoke curiosity</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A special way adults communicate with infants, characterized by exaggerated speech patterns (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Higher pitch and slower speech</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>tone hyperarticulation</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Study 1 = Exaggeration in speech sounds enhances infants' perception Study 2 = Clarity of important sounds aids in language learning Rattansone et al. (2013) = Demonstrated acoustic changes by age of infant</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Younger infants receive more exaggerated speech patterns than older infants. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>infant-directed communication</p> Signup and view all the answers

The ability to create images in your mind, without external stimuli.

Vividness of Visual Imagery Questionnaire; a method to measure the vividness of visual imagery.

The core question: How are mental images represented?

Lack of voluntary visual mental imagery.

Creating visual images in the mind without physical sight.

A test used to measure spatial imagery, focusing on mental manipulation of shapes.

High levels of mental imagery, ranging from vivid to extremely vivid.

Methods to measure mental imagery abilities, frequently using subjective reports (e.g., the VVIQ) and objective tasks (e.g., paper folding tasks).

Mental representations stored as visual pictures that preserve spatial relationships.

Mental representations stored as abstract language-like propositions.

Mentally moving 'your attention' across a mental image, like searching an image in your mind.

Physically moving your eyes across a real image.

Psychologists study mental imagery by comparing reaction times for mental and physical scanning.

Mental imagery is a real experience. Propositional representations are also used in mental imagery.

A study designed to test how quickly people can mentally scan a mental image, comparing the time taken to scan a real image.

A pioneering mental scanning experiment by Stephen Kosslyn in 1973 that aimed to understand the relationship between mental and physical scanning times.

The moment a person begins to mentally scan an image, marked by starting a timer.

The moment a person finishes scanning a mental image and stops the timer.

The duration between the start and end of a mental scan, representing the time it takes to mentally move across a mental image.

A process of mentally moving your attention across a mental image, similar to how you'd physically scan a real image.

Mentally moving your attention across a small distance within a mental image.

Critics argued that mental scanning may involve scanning a list of propositions instead of a visual picture.

The duration it takes to mentally move your attention across a mental image, measured in seconds.

In science, trying to disprove a theory by finding evidence that contradicts it.

Observations or data that support a theory, but do not guarantee its absolute truth.

An experiment attempting to prove or disprove the Depictive Code theory by analyzing how well people mentally represent visual information.

A cognitive test used to investigate mental imagery representations by seeing if people are faster or slower at identifying shapes that have a corresponding linguistic label.

This theory suggests that information is stored in our minds using both visual and verbal codes. When we learn something, we create a mental picture (visual code) and a linguistic label (verbal code).

This effect highlights the fact that we tend to remember concrete words (like 'tree' and 'book') better than abstract words (like 'hope' and 'quest').

This refers to the ability to create sounds and music in our minds without any external auditory input.

This occurs when you intentionally create sounds or music in your mind, like when you imagine a melody or a musical piece.

This occurs when a song or rhythm gets stuck in your head, even when you don't want it to be there. This is also called an 'earworm'.

These are the characteristics of a sound, such as pitch, loudness, and timbre. Our auditory imagery is influenced by these features.

This refers to the highness or lowness of a sound. Our mental imagery is influenced by pitch.

This refers to the intensity of a sound. Our mental imagery is influenced by loudness.

This refers to the unique 'color' or quality of a sound. Our mental imagery is influenced by timbre.

The idea that both hemispheres of the brain are equally capable of language at birth, with specialization developing later.

The idea that the left hemisphere is already specialized for language at birth, similar to adults.

A limited time window during development when language acquisition is most efficient, requiring both biological and environmental input.

Early vocalizations made by infants, characterized by repetitive sounds, that serve as precursors to language.

Non-verbal communication, like pointing or waving, that play a vital role in early language acquisition by conveying meaning and supporting communication.

A way adults speak to babies, characterized by higher pitch, exaggerated intonation, and simplified vocabulary, which aids language learning.

Songs specifically designed for infants, often with simple melodies and repetitive lyrics, that help develop language and cognitive skills.

Higher pitch, exaggerated intonation, simpler grammar, and repetitive phrases.

IDS helps infants learn language by making speech more engaging and easier to understand.

Different cultures use IDS, but the specific characteristics can vary.

Measures infant preference for auditory stimuli by observing how long they look at a visual stimulus associated with each sound.

Measures an infant's ability to detect changes in sound by observing their head turns towards a sound source.

Measures infant novelty detection by repeatedly presenting a sound and recording their looking time, then introducing a novel sound and measuring the change in looking time.

A type of IDS that uses melodic and rhythmic qualities to engage infants, enhancing learning and bonding.

The idea that there's a specific time frame during development when language acquisition is easiest and most effective.

A famous example of a child deprived of language exposure until adolescence, who learned some vocabulary but struggled with grammar.

Evidence suggests that learning sign language earlier in life leads to better grammatical skills compared to later learners.

Younger learners generally become more proficient in a second language than older learners.

The process of infants becoming more sensitive to language-specific sounds over their first year of life.

The idea that non-symbolic gestures, like pointing, might play a role in the development of language.

This question investigated whether infants would spend more time looking at a visual stimulus that corresponds to an unfamiliar vowel sound they previously heard in a song as compared to the same sound in speech.

The study found no difference in infants' looking times for the unfamiliar vowel sound, regardless of whether they heard it in a song or speech.

While infants can differentiate unfamiliar vowel sounds, the study showed that presenting those sounds in a song did not reliably affect their ability to discriminate them.

Exaggerating the pronunciation of vowels, making them clearer and more distinct.

IDS patterns change depending on the baby's age. Younger babies often have more exaggerated speech features.

Studies suggest IDS helps babies learn language by making speech sounds easier to perceive and remember.

While widely used, IDS practices can vary across cultures. There might be cultural differences in how it's used.

Research shows that Cantonese speakers use more exaggerated tones when talking to younger babies compared to older kids.

Making the differences between tones very clear, especially in languages with tonal systems.

Studies that compare IDS across different languages or cultures show that the specific ways in which IDS is used can vary.

IDS serves multiple purposes, including promoting bonding, soothing infants, and aiding language acquisition.

Adults across diverse cultures can recognize infant-directed singing, indicating a universal human behavior.

Studies show that infants generally prefer IDS over adult-directed singing, suggesting a innate attraction to this type of vocalization.

IDS helps infants develop their auditory skills, making them more attuned to language-specific sounds.

IDS influences language development by enhancing infants' sensitivity to speech sounds and facilitating language learning.

A key research study by Trainor demonstrating that adults can differentiate IDS from adult-directed singing, and that infants prefer IDS.

Different types of IDS, with play songs being more rhythmic and lullabies being more soothing.