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Questions and Answers
Neurons in the right LGN respond to stimulation of the:
Neurons in the right LGN respond to stimulation of the:
The human eye transduces visible light to electrical signals using bipolar cells.
The human eye transduces visible light to electrical signals using bipolar cells.
False
What is the main function of rods and cones in the human eye?
What is the main function of rods and cones in the human eye?
Transduce visible light to electrical signals
The binding problem in visual perception refers to the problem of how the brain determines which features (_____, motion, shape) belong to the same object.
The binding problem in visual perception refers to the problem of how the brain determines which features (_____, motion, shape) belong to the same object.
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Visual projections to V1 run through the:
Visual projections to V1 run through the:
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Match the following components of the visual pathway with their respective functions:
Match the following components of the visual pathway with their respective functions:
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New neurons are formed all the time in the brain, which is referred to as a cortical assembly line.
New neurons are formed all the time in the brain, which is referred to as a cortical assembly line.
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What is meant by a cortical assembly line?
What is meant by a cortical assembly line?
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What do scientists use to follow the connections to and from a given neuron?
What do scientists use to follow the connections to and from a given neuron?
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According to the Neuron doctrine, the brain is composed of distinct, separate cells.
According to the Neuron doctrine, the brain is composed of distinct, separate cells.
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What are the three main divisions of the developing vertebrate brain?
What are the three main divisions of the developing vertebrate brain?
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The four functions of a neuron, in the right order from dendrite to axon, are: collecting, _______________, conducting, outputting.
The four functions of a neuron, in the right order from dendrite to axon, are: collecting, _______________, conducting, outputting.
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Match the following brain regions with their functions:
Match the following brain regions with their functions:
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What type of nervous system do humans have?
What type of nervous system do humans have?
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Starfish and jellyfish have a central nervous system at the top of their body.
Starfish and jellyfish have a central nervous system at the top of their body.
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Who is credited with developing the Neuron doctrine?
Who is credited with developing the Neuron doctrine?
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How does the brain represent objects?
How does the brain represent objects?
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The later stages of the visual system are more important than the earlier stages.
The later stages of the visual system are more important than the earlier stages.
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What is achieved in the brain through hierarchical coding, lateral and feedback processing?
What is achieved in the brain through hierarchical coding, lateral and feedback processing?
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The brain determines the ______________ of an object through the visual pathways.
The brain determines the ______________ of an object through the visual pathways.
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Match the following concepts with their descriptions:
Match the following concepts with their descriptions:
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The number of synapses in the brain increases over time.
The number of synapses in the brain increases over time.
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What is NOT proof of feedback processing in the brain?
What is NOT proof of feedback processing in the brain?
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What happens to your hands when you sit on the couch to knit?
What happens to your hands when you sit on the couch to knit?
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What is the primary function of the hypothalamus in the brain?
What is the primary function of the hypothalamus in the brain?
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The central nervous system consists only of the brain.
The central nervous system consists only of the brain.
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The _______________ nervous system is made up of the brain and spinal cord.
The _______________ nervous system is made up of the brain and spinal cord.
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Match the following brain structures with their functions:
Match the following brain structures with their functions:
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What is the correct order of these methods from fastest to slowest in terms of the temporal scale at which they typically operate when measuring/disrupting brain activity?
What is the correct order of these methods from fastest to slowest in terms of the temporal scale at which they typically operate when measuring/disrupting brain activity?
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TMS is a non-invasive technique used to induce virtual brain lesions in humans.
TMS is a non-invasive technique used to induce virtual brain lesions in humans.
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What is the main goal of top-down experiments?
What is the main goal of top-down experiments?
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What technique would a scientist use to compare neural tracts between two groups of people non-invasively?
What technique would a scientist use to compare neural tracts between two groups of people non-invasively?
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Bottom-up experiments involve manipulating a phenomenon to see its effect on the mechanism.
Bottom-up experiments involve manipulating a phenomenon to see its effect on the mechanism.
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What does establishing etiological causal relevance entail?
What does establishing etiological causal relevance entail?
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Top-down experiments involve stimulating/disrupting the __________ of a mechanism to see its effect on the phenomenon.
Top-down experiments involve stimulating/disrupting the __________ of a mechanism to see its effect on the phenomenon.
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Match the following types of experiments with their descriptions:
Match the following types of experiments with their descriptions:
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What is essential for understanding the visual pathways?
What is essential for understanding the visual pathways?
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What is the main goal of feature extraction in visual perception?
What is the main goal of feature extraction in visual perception?
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Cortical processing involves the formation of new neurons in the brain.
Cortical processing involves the formation of new neurons in the brain.
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Study Notes
Visual Hierarchy
- Neurons in the right LGN respond to stimulation of the right visual hemifield.
- Auditory projections to A1 run through the inferior colliculus, whereas visual projections to V1 run through the lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN).
- The human eye transduces visible light to electrical signals using rods and cones.
- Increasingly complex tuning properties arise in the visual hierarchy because multiple neurons that are tuned to complex features project to single neurons higher up in the hierarchy to obtain even more complex tuning properties.
- A "cortical assembly line" refers to neurons in the visual cortex being sensitive to increasingly complex features.
Perception
- The binding problem in visual perception refers to the problem of how the brain determines which features (color, motion, shape) belong to the same object.
History and Neurons
- Scientists use chemical tracers to follow the connections to and from a given neuron.
- Brodmann areas are regions of the cortex that look different under a microscope.
- The "Neuron doctrine" was formulated by Santiago Ramón y Cajal.
- In axial views of the brain, both hemispheres can be seen at the same time.
- The four functions of a neuron, in the right order from dendrite to axon, are collecting, integrating, conducting, and outputting.
Nervous System
- Developing vertebrate brains contain three main divisions: the prosencephalon, mesencephalon, and rhombencephalon.
- Humans have a central nervous system at the top of the body, whereas other animals, such as starfish and jellyfish, have nervous systems that are distributed throughout the body.
- When you raise your arm, kick a ball, or withdraw your hand from a hot plate, you are using the somatic nervous system.
- The central nervous system is made up of the brain and spinal cord.
- The hypothalamus is a regulatory set of nuclei that are involved in maintaining homeostasis through hormone secretion.
Plasticity and Memory
- Over time, the number of synapses in the brain decreases.
- Top-down experiments are experiments in which the parts and/or processes of a mechanism are stimulated/disrupted to see whether there is an effect on the phenomenon that the mechanism is thought to constitute.
Methods
- Diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) is a type of MRI scan that can be used to map neural tracts.
- The difference between T2 and T2* weighted MRI images is that T2* weighted images are sensitive to blood oxygenation, whereas T2 weighted images are not.
- The correct order of these methods from fastest to slowest in terms of the temporal scale at which they typically operate when measuring/disrupting brain activity is EEG, TMS, fMRI.
- TMS is used to induce virtual brain lesions in humans.
- DTI is used to compare neural tracts between two groups of people.
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Description
This quiz covers the visual hierarchy and neuron responses in the LGN, as well as visual and auditory projections to primary cortical areas. It's a great test for neuroscience students.
