Practice Exam Behaviour and the Brain 2 PDF

Practice exam Behaviour and the Brain 2: an introduction to cognitive neuroscience This practice exam contains example questions that roughly reflect the depth of the actual final exam (40 questions, as in the final exam). Both this exam and the final exam will contain 5 questions about each lectur...

Practice exam Behaviour and the Brain 2: an introduction to cognitive neuroscience This practice exam contains example questions that roughly reflect the depth of the actual final exam (40 questions, as in the final exam). Both this exam and the final exam will contain 5 questions about each lecture and/or the accompanying chapters from the book. However, note that the practice exam only samples the learning materials, it cannot cover all the learning materials. Although the real exam may contain similar topics, it will also contain topics that are not covered in this exam. The recommended usage of this practice exam is to first learn the materials (both book and lecture materials are important) and then attempt to make the practice exam without looking at the response key. The response key is given on the final page of this exam. On that page, you can calculate your grade using the provided formula, based on the number of questions you got right. If you do well on this practice exam, you will probably do well on the final exam (but no guarantee of course ;-). If you fail this practice exam, you are not likely to pass the final exam without spending extra time understanding and learning the material. Lecture 1 – Introduction 1. What is NOT true of mechanistic explanations? a. They are reductionist explanations b. They result in emergent properties c. They can be identified through mutual manipulability d. They answer “how actually?” questions rather than “how possibly?” questions 2. Microelectrodes, eCog, and electroencephalography (EEG) are all examples of _______ methods of studying the brain. a. connectional b. conductive c. correlational d. conditional 3. Stimulation studies are useful because they can provide a _____ link between brain activity and function. a. positive b. causal c. negative d. correlative  4. What is true? a. Top-down experiments are experiments in which the parts and/or processes of a mechanism are stimulated/disrupted to see whether there is an effect on the phenomenon that the mechanism is thought to constitute, while bottom-up experiments are experiments in which a phenomenon is manipulated to see whether that affects the parts and/or processes that are thought to constitute it. b. Bottom-up experiments are experiments in which the parts and/or processes of a mechanism are stimulated/disrupted to see whether there is an effect on the phenomenon that the mechanism is thought to constitute, while top-down experiments are experiments in which a phenomenon is manipulated to see whether that affects the parts and/or processes that are thought to constitute it. c. Top-down experiments are experiments in which the parts and/or processes of a mechanism are stimulated to see whether there is an effect on the phenomenon that the mechanism is thought to constitute, while bottom-up experiments in which the parts and/or processes of a mechanism are disrupted to see whether there is an effect on the phenomenon that the mechanism is thought to constitute. d. Top-down experiments are experiments in which a phenomenon is manipulated to see whether that affects parts of the mechanism that are thought to constitute it, while bottom-up experiments are experiments in which a phenomenon is manipulated to see whether that affects the processes are thought to constitute it. 5. Establishing etiological causal relevance entails a. Performing a top-down experiment b. Manipulating something and establishing what the effect of that manipulation is on something else c. Providing a mechanistic understanding of the world d. Performing a bottom-up experiment Lecture 2 – History and neurons 6. To follow the connections to and from a given neuron, scientists use chemical _____. a. diffusors b. modifiers c. tensors d. tracers 7. What are Brodmann areas? a. Regions of the cortex sensitive to specific cognitive tasks. b. Regions of the cortex that look different under a microscope. c. Regions of the cortex relevant for speech production. d. Regions of the cortex that change metabolism is specific ways.  8. The person who came up with the “Neuron doctrine” is: a. Hans Berger b. Santiago Ramón y Cajal c. Franz Joseph Gall d. Otto Loewi 9. In which cuts or views of the brain do we see both hemispheres at the same time? a. Axial and coronal, but not sagittal b. Axial, but not coronal and not sagittal c. Axial and sagittal, but not coronal d. Axial, sagittal, and coronal 10. What are the four functions of a neuron, in the right order from dendrite to axon? a. Releasing, conducting, integrating, outputting b. Conducting, integrating, releasing, outputting c. Integrating, collecting, conducting, outputting d. Collecting, integrating, conducting, outputting Lecture 3 – Nervous system 11. Developing vertebrate brains contain three main divisions: the prosencephalon, mesencephalon, and the _____. a. forebrain b. rhombencephalon c. telencephalon d. diencephalon 12. Humans have a central nervous system at the top of the body, but other animals, such as starfish and jellyfish, have nervous systems that are: a. predominantly in the tentacles b. located at the bottom of the body c. distributed throughout the body d. asymmetrically organized 13. When you raise your arm, kick a ball, or withdraw your hand from a hot plate, you are using the _____ nervous system. a. autonomic b. parasympathetic c. sympathetic d. somatic 14. The central nervous system is made up of the brain and: a. musculature b. spinal cord c. nerves d. brain stem 15. The hypothalamus is: a. A regulatory nucleus that is involved in neurotransmitter release such as acetylcholine enabling learning b. A subcortical structure that is involved in the control and inhibition of movement  c. A relay station between the brain stem and the cerebral cortex that drives complex behaviors d. A regulatory set of nuclei that are involved in maintaining homeostasis through hormone secretion Lecture 4 - Methods 16. What is the weighting of the MRI scan shown on in this image? a. T2 b. DTI c. T2* d. T1 17. The difference between T2 and T2* weighted MRI images is that a. T2* weighted images have a higher resolution than T2 weighted images b. T2* weighted images are sensitive to fat, T2 weighted images not c. T2* weighted images are sensitive to blood oxygenation, T2 weighted images not d. T2* weighted images take longer to acquire than T2 weighted images 18. Which is the correct order of these methods from fastest to slowest in terms of the temporal scale at which they typically operate when measuring/disrupting brain activity? a. EEG, fMRI, TMS b. MEG, TMS, fMRI c. TMS, EEG, fMRI d. fMRI, TMS, EEG 19. Which technique is used to induce virtual brain lesions in humans? a. ECoG b. MEG c. TMS d. Cooling 20. A scientist wants to use a noninvasive technique to compare neural tracts between two groups of people. The scientist will likely use: a. CT scans b. microelectrodes c. microdialysis probes d. diffusion tensor imaging Lecture 5 – Visual hierarchy  21. Neurons in the right LGN respond to stimulation of the a. right eye b. left eye c. right visual hemifield d. left visual hemifield 22. Which of the following is true of the visual and auditory projections to their primary cortical areas V1 and A1? a. auditory projections to A1 run through the inferior colliculus b. auditory projections to A1 run through the superior colliculus c. visual projections to V1 run through the inferior colliculus d. visual projections to V1 run through the superior colliculus 23. The human eye transduces visible light to electrical signals using: a. Bipolar cells b. Rods and cones c. Amacrine cells d. Retinal ganglion cells 24. Increasingly complex tuning properties arise in the visual hierarchy because: a. Multiple contrast detectors in the LGN project onto single V1 cells b. Multiple photoreceptors project onto single ganglion cells c. Multiple neurons that are tuned to complex features project to single neurons higher up in the hierarchy to obtain even more complex tuning properties d. All of the other answering options are correct 25. What is meant by a “cortical assembly line”? a. New neurons are formed all the time in the brain b. New connections are formed all the time in the brain c. Neural connections are pruned during development d. Neurons in visual cortex are sensitive to increasingly complex features Lecture 6 – Perception 26. What is the binding problem in visual perception? a. The problem of how the brain determines which features (color, motion, shape) belong to the same object b. The question of how one can see things that are not there in reality c. The question of how the brain determines whether an object is green or red (color), or whether a moving object is moving down or right (direction). d. The binding problem refers to how action potentials can lead to mental life 27. What are two ways in which the brain could represent objects? a. Objects could either be represented through action potentials or through long-term potentiation b. “Gnostic” cells at the top of the visual hierarchy could represent objects, or objects could be represented by ensembles of neurons that together code for objects c. Objects could be represented using classical receptive fields or through lateral inhibition d. Objects could be represented using rate-coding or through figure-ground segregation  28. What is NOT proof of feedback processing in the brain? a. Perceived size is represented in V1 b. Orientation is represented in V1 c. Figure-ground relationships are represented in V1 d. Illusory surfaces are represented in V1 29. Your visual system is hierarchical, in that: a. The later stages are more important that the earlier stages b. The later stages are used more infrequently that the earlier stages c. Each stage is built upon earlier stages d. Each stage is independent of the previous stages 30. Perceptual organization is achieved in the brain a. Through hierarchical coding b. Through lateral and feedback processing c. In primary visual cortex d. In prefrontal cortex Lecture 7 – Plasticity and memory 31. Over time, the number of synapses in the brain: a. Stays the same b. Decreases c. Grows exponentially d. Increases 32. You sit on the couch to enjoy a relaxing afternoon of knitting. You pick up the needles and your hands start to move, seemingly without much effort. This is an example of: a. long-term memory b. declarative memory c. short-term memory d. non-declarative memory 33. Place cells are neurons that fire only when an organism is: a. Presented with a particular stimulus b. Rewarded c. Unconscious of their surroundings d. Located in a particular place in its local environment  34. When two neighboring cells in your brain are active at the same time, the connection between them _____, this is called _____: a. weakens, long-term potentiation b. gets stronger, long-term depression c. gets stronger, long-term potentiation d. weakens, long-term depression 35. Important general features of memory are that it is (i) both active and passive (ii) subject to long term potentiation (iii) embodied, intertwined with many functions (iv) that it is localized in the hippocampus (v) that it can be either highly accurate or constructive (vi) that it aids in predicting the future a. (i), (ii) and (vi) b. (ii), (iii) and (v) c. (ii), (iv) and (vi) d. (iii), (v) and (vi) Lecture 8 – Attention and consciousness 36. Which description fits with the Global Workspace Theory of consciousness? a. The conscious spotlight can “shine” on any brain process. b. Only representations that are attended become conscious. c. Consciousness has an unlimited capacity. d. Long term memory is needed for conscious experiences. 37. When ordering altered states of consciousness from least likely to have (some) degree of consciousness to most likely to have (some) degree of consciousness, what would be the best order? a. coma, vegetative state, minimally conscious state b. minimally conscious state, vegetative state, coma c. vegetative state, coma, minimally conscious state d. minimally conscious state, coma, vegetative state 38. What is the “hard problem”? a. The problem that when trying to explain conscious experience in physical terms, there would always be something “left out” of the explanation b. The problem that we do not know how neurons code perceptual experiences in the brain c. The problem that the functions of the brain, when taken all together, would explain why we experience things the way we do, so that there would be nothing left to explain d. The problem that it is impossible to determine whether consciousness and attention are the same thing or not 39. What does this image intend to show? a. That you need attention to experience something, without attention you experience nothing b. That A and B are the same color, while the apples are of a different color c. That A and B are a different color, while the apples are of the same color d. That what we experience is determined by context 40. What does the example of “split brain” patients show? a. That there can be two consciousnesses at once b. What it shows depends on whether you believe that drawing something from memory requires consciousness c. That there is only one consciousness, and that this consciousness resides in the left hemisphere d. That there is only one consciousness, and that this consciousness resides in the right hemisphere  ANSWERING KEY 1. A 2. C 3. B 4. B 5. B 6. D 7. B 8. B 9. A 10. D 11. B 12. C 13. D 14. B 15. D 16. D 17. C 18. B 19. C 20. D 21. D 22. A 23. B 24. D 25. D 26. A 27. B 28. B 29. C 30. B 31. B 32. D 33. D 34. C 35. D 36. B 37. A 38. A 39. D 40. B The logic behind the choice of the cut-off is that you would score 10 items correct just by guessing. Then you should obtain 55% correct of the remaining 30 items to obtain a sufficient score. Therefore, 10 items correct (or less) results in grade 1, while the cut-off for a sufficient grade is 10 + 0.55*30 = 26.5 points to obtain a score of 5.5.