30 Questions
The study of the classification, structure, and function of joints is an important foundation for the overall study of kinesiology.
True
Detailed information about joint structure and function is not a prerequisite for understanding impairments of joints or employing effective rehabilitation.
False
The design of a joint depends solely on the function of the joint.
False
Synarthroses are joints that allow no movement between the connected bones.
True
The more complex the functional demands on a joint, the simpler the joint design.
False
The main functions of joints are stability, mobility, and dynamic stability.
True
Fibroblasts are found in ligaments and tendons.
True
Articular cartilage has a high content of type I collagen fibers.
False
The collagen fibers in tendons are oriented in multiple directions.
False
Ligaments have slack fibers that can provide immediate tension to restrain undesirable motion between bones.
True
Articular cartilage has a high content of ground substance.
True
Irregular dense connective tissues, like joint capsules, are oriented to resist tensile forces from a single direction.
False
Chondrocytes in articular cartilage are nourished by synovial fluid.
True
Fibrocartilage has a high blood supply and can participate in proprioception.
False
The primary function of fibrocartilage is to provide shock absorption by resisting and distributing compressive and shear forces.
True
Bone is a specialized form of articular cartilage.
False
Fibrocartilage is found in the intervertebral discs and the pubic symphysis.
True
Articular cartilage can repair itself easily when damaged.
False
The end feel is the sensation felt by the examiner during a range of motion assessment.
True
Osteokinematics refers to the movement of bones, while arthrokinematics refers to the movement of joints.
True
Muscle spasms are an example of abnormal soft tissue end feel during a range of motion assessment.
True
Spasticity is a result of a lower motor neuron lesion.
False
In an open kinematic chain, the distal segment is free to move, while in a closed kinematic chain, the distal segment is fixed.
True
Type I collagen fibers make up only 10% of the total collagen in the body.
False
Viscoelastic materials exhibit time-independent properties when forces are applied to them.
False
The phenomenon of creep occurs when a material is exposed to high-stress levels for a short period of time.
False
To stretch a connective tissue structure, one should heat it and use a large load over a long period of time.
True
Viscoelastic materials exhibit the same resistance to deformation regardless of the rate of loading.
False
The forces that move and stabilize the body can potentially deform and injure the body.
True
Healthy tissues are unable to resist changes in their shape.
False
Study Notes
Cells and Tissues
- Chondrocytes are nourished by synovial fluid and are found in avascular, aneural tissues that repair poorly or not at all.
- Fibrocartilage is a mixture of dense connective tissue and articular cartilage, found in intervertebral discs, pubic symphysis, and extremities.
- Fibrocartilage cells include chondrocytes and fibroblasts, and have a moderate content of ground substance.
Fibrocartilage
- Mechanical specialization: provides resilience and shock absorption, and tensile strength of ligaments and tendons.
- Helps support and stabilize joints, guide complex arthrokinematics, and dissipate forces from any direction.
- Primary function is to provide shock absorption by resisting and distributing compressive and shear forces.
Bone
- A specialized connective tissue that forms the internal levers of the musculoskeletal system.
Joint Structure and Function
- Arthrology is the study of the classification, structure, and function of joints.
- Important for understanding impairments of joints and effective rehabilitation of persons with joint dysfunction.
- Objectives: joint design, arthrokinematics, and osteokinematics, properties and functions of materials in human joints.
Joint Design
- Depends on the function of the joint and the nature of the components.
- Design becomes more complex as functional demands increase.
Classification of Joints
- Based on movement potential: synarthroses, amphiarthroses, and diarthroses.
- Synarthroses allow slight to essentially no movement.
Periarticular Connective Tissues
- Dense Connective Tissue: anatomic location, fibers, ground substance, and cells.
- Articular Cartilage: anatomic location, fibers, ground substance, and cells.
- Fibrocartilage: anatomic location, fibers, ground substance, and cells.
- Bone: a specialized connective tissue.
Dense Connective Tissue
- Fibers: high type I collagen fiber content, parallel fibers in bundles.
- Ground substance: low content, cells: fibroblasts, limited blood supply, and low metabolism.
- Subsets: irregular (joint capsules, fascias) and regular (ligaments, tendons).
Articular Cartilage
- Fibers: high type II collagen fiber content, fibers form a restraining "scaffolding".
- Ground substance: high content, physiological barrier, and end feel.
Osteokinematics and Arthrokinematics
- Osteokinematics: normal and abnormal bone to bone, soft tissue approximation, and tissue stretch.
- Arthrokinematics: anatomical barrier, end feel, and physiological barrier.
Joint Function: Kinematic Chain
- Concept of kinematic chains for analyzing human motion and the effects of injury and disease on joints.
- Open kinematic chain and closed kinematic chain.
HISTOLOGIC ORGANIZATION
- Fibers: fibrous proteins, ground substance, and cells.
- Biologic materials that form periarticular connective tissues.
Collagen Fibers
- 30% of all proteins in the body, molecular threads cross-linked into ropelike fibrils.
- Fibrils interconnect to form bundles or fibers.
- Type I: 90% of total collagen, thick, rugged fibers, compose ligaments, tendons, fibrocartilage, synovium, fascia, and fibrous capsules.
General Properties of Connective Tissue
- Viscoelasticity: time- and rate-dependent properties.
- Time-dependent properties: creep, slow mechanical deformation, and temperature effects.
- Rate-dependent properties: response to different rates of loading, and force duration.
Test your knowledge on the general and time-dependent properties of connective tissue viscoelasticity, including creep phenomenon and how materials respond to slow mechanical deformation over time.
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