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Questions and Answers
What is the primary component that viruses are enclosed in?
What is the primary component that viruses are enclosed in?
Viruses can reproduce on their own.
Viruses can reproduce on their own.
False
What type of genetic material do most viruses contain?
What type of genetic material do most viruses contain?
RNA or DNA
Viruses that specifically infect bacterial cells are known as ______.
Viruses that specifically infect bacterial cells are known as ______.
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Which of the following viruses is associated with the Lytic Cycle?
Which of the following viruses is associated with the Lytic Cycle?
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All viruses can infect any type of cell.
All viruses can infect any type of cell.
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What enzyme do retroviruses use to reverse transcribe RNA into DNA?
What enzyme do retroviruses use to reverse transcribe RNA into DNA?
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Match the following viruses with their corresponding cycles:
Match the following viruses with their corresponding cycles:
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Which of the following is a method by which vaccines establish immunity?
Which of the following is a method by which vaccines establish immunity?
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Prions are infectious agents made up of nucleic acids.
Prions are infectious agents made up of nucleic acids.
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Who discovered the first smallpox vaccine?
Who discovered the first smallpox vaccine?
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A _______ is a genetically altered virus that transports a good gene into a cell.
A _______ is a genetically altered virus that transports a good gene into a cell.
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Match the following viruses with their corresponding categories or diseases:
Match the following viruses with their corresponding categories or diseases:
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Which of the following is NOT an example of a virus?
Which of the following is NOT an example of a virus?
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Viroids are known to affect both animals and plants.
Viroids are known to affect both animals and plants.
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What type of RNA do viroids possess?
What type of RNA do viroids possess?
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Study Notes
Viruses
- Infectious particles, composed of either RNA (most common) or DNA, enclosed in a protein coat (capsid).
- Some viruses have a lipid envelope.
- Viruses are not considered living organisms.
- They do not metabolize, reproduce, consume food, move on their own, grow, or have cells.
- They invade cells, take control of cellular machinery, and use it to reproduce, creating millions of new viruses.
Viral Reproduction
-
Lytic Cycle:
- Viruses infect, affect, and replicate rapidly within the host cell.
- The virus enters the cell, replicates many copies, and causes the host cell to burst.
- Examples: Rabies, Measles, influenza, Hepatitis
-
Lysogenic Cycle:
- Viruses infect and remain dormant before affecting the host.
- The viral DNA integrates with the host cell's DNA, and replicates along with the host's DNA.
- Examples: Mumps, HIV, Herpes, Chicken Pox
Retroviruses
- Special type of RNA-based virus.
- Retroviruses make a DNA copy of their RNA after infecting a cell and insert it into the host cell's DNA.
- This process utilizes reverse transcriptase.
- Example: HIV, COVID-19
How Viruses Find Host Cells
- Host cells contain protein receptors on their plasma membrane.
- Viral capsids have ligands that bind to host cell receptors, enabling viral entry.
- Viruses are highly specific to the type of cells they infect (plant, animal, bacterial).
Examples of Viruses
- Smallpox
- Chickenpox
- Herpes
- Hantavirus
- Mumps
- Measles
- Polio
- Hepatitis A, B, C
- West Nile
- Coronavirus (COVID-19)
- Encephalitis
- Influenza
- Meningitis
- Ebola
- HIV
- Rubella
- Mononucleosis
- Rabies
- HPV
- Yellow Fever
- H1N1 (Swine Flu)
Bacteriophages
- Viruses that infect bacteria.
- Beneficial to human survival.
Viroids
- Infectious RNA agents
- Composed of a single, circular strand of RNA.
- Lacking a protein coat.
- Primarily infect plants, but some human infections are known.
- Example: Hepatitis D
Prions
- Infectious proteins
- Affect the brain or neural tissue.
- Untreatable and fatal.
- Examples: Mad Cow Disease, Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease
Vaccines
- Used to establish immunity against viruses.
- Discovered by Edward Jenner (smallpox vaccine, 1796)
- Created from weakened viruses or viruses with removed nucleic acid (RNA or DNA).
- The body recognizes and destroys the viruses, building an immune response, capable of recognizing the virus upon re-exposure.
- Example: H1N1 (swine flu) vaccine
Viruses as Vectors
- Viruses are used in gene therapy.
- Genetically altered to carry and deliver a good gene into a cell needing it.
- Process allows for targeted gene delivery and modification in cells, potentially treating genetic diseases.
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Description
This quiz explores the characteristics of viruses, including their structure and how they reproduce through the lytic and lysogenic cycles. It also covers the unique nature of retroviruses and provides examples of various viral infections. Test your knowledge of these infectious agents and their life processes!
