Virus Transmission Modes Quiz

44 Questions

Non-persistent viruses are transmitted through aphids with low vector specificity and are found only in the insect's ______

mouthparts

Non-persistent viruses belong to the genera Alfamovirus, Cucumovirus, Fabavirus, Macluravirus, and ______

Potyvirus

Vertical transmission is the transmission between parents and offspring, while horizontal transmission involves transmission to new ______

plants

Non-circulating transmission does not involve the replication of viruses in the vector and is more common in ______

plants

Viruses enter plants through the ______ and mesophyll cells

epidermis

Short-distance movement of viruses requires modification of ______ by viral movement proteins

plasmodesmata

Preventing the spread of viral diseases involves strict regulations on the biological safety of plants, monitoring symptoms of ______, and testing seeds for the presence of viruses

seeds

Nanoparticles have gained attention in agriculture for the detection of plant diseases and as carriers of genetic materials due to their unique ______

properties

Seed transmission allows viruses to spread over ______ distances and is an important source of primary inoculum for vertically transmitted viruses.

long

Unlike animal viruses, plant viruses are confined to the intracellular ______ and move between cells through plasmodesmata.

symplast

Some plant viruses, such as soybean mosaic virus, are transmitted through ______ and are controlled by homologues of Arabidopsis host genes DCL3 and RDR6, which participate in RNA silencing.

seeds

Cell-associated viral proteins interact with the viral genome to form transport complexes that allow movement between cells via ______.

plasmodesmata

Silver nanoparticles have shown antimicrobial activity against ______ diseases

plant

CRISPR technology is used for plant protection, acting as adaptive immunity against invading ______ acids

nucleic

Class 2 CRISPR system is suitable for handling nucleic acids and includes Cas type VI proteins for RNA editing and types II and V proteins for ______ editing

DNA

Continuous assessment of plant genetic diversity in terms of interactions with viruses and implementation of integrated, ecological, and intelligent strategies are needed to improve management of ______ diseases

viral

Plant viruses are a threat to a sustainable economy because they cause economic losses in ______

yields

The speed and direction of viral evolution are determined by the selective ______

environment

Aphids are the most widespread and important vectors of plant ______

viruses

The symptoms of viral diseases are very diverse and are often confused with symptoms of ______

abiotic stress

Explain the two main strategies for using CRISPR/Cas to control plant viruses.

The two main strategies for using CRISPR/Cas to control plant viruses are: destroying viral genomes to inhibit infection and replication, or manipulating host susceptibility factors to enhance plant immunity.

How is gene editing technology utilized in plant genetic engineering?

Gene editing technology is used in plant genetic engineering to create resistance to other pathogens and viruses.

What are the alternative methods for protecting crops from virus infection?

The alternative methods for protecting crops from virus infection include virus-free seeds or plant materials and biotic vector control.

What are the effective methods to control plant diseases as mentioned in the text?

The effective methods to control plant diseases mentioned in the text are CRISPR/Cas system, use of genetic resistance, and continuous assessment of plant genetic diversity.

Explain the factors that contribute to the rapid spread of plant viruses and the emergence of new viruses.

Factors that contribute to the rapid spread of plant viruses and the emergence of new viruses include dynamic spread by insect vectors, transmission by seeds, rapid climate change, globalization of trade through free trade agreements, cultivation of monocultures with low genetic diversity and high plant density, and trade in plant material (germplasm and living plants).

Why is accurate and timely detection of plant viruses essential for their control?

Accurate and timely detection of plant viruses is essential for their control because it allows for the implementation of effective management strategies to prevent the further spread of the viruses.

What are the most widespread and important vectors of plant viruses, and how many different plant viruses can one of these vectors transmit?

Aphids are the most widespread and important vectors of plant viruses, and Myzus persicae, for example, can transmit more than 100 different plant viruses.

Why is the cultivation of monocultures with low genetic diversity and high plant density a factor affecting the emergence of viruses?

The cultivation of monocultures with low genetic diversity and high plant density is a factor affecting the emergence of viruses because it creates an environment conducive to the rapid adaptation and development of viruses in a new environment.

Explain the difference between semi-persistent and persistent viruses in terms of transmission and circulation within the insect vector's body.

Semi-persistent viruses are transmitted through the anus of insects, are concentrated in the phloem, and have a retention period of several hours to days. Persistent viruses are limited to the phloem, require a longer feeding time to be transmitted, circulate in the insect vector's body, and show a high degree of specificity for vectors, allowing for long-distance spread and infection of multiple plants.

Describe the transmission methods of viruses by aphids, whiteflies, thrips, and through seeds.

Aphids transmit viruses from several genera including Capulavirus, Enamovirus, Luteovirus, Nanovirus, Polerovirus, and indirectly through the auxiliary genus Luteovirus. Whiteflies transmit the genus Begomovirus, thrips transmit Orthotospovirus, and some viruses can be transmitted through seeds. Seed transmission allows viruses to spread over long distances and is an important source of primary inoculum for vertically transmitted viruses.

Explain the significance of seed transmission for the spread and survival of plant viruses.

Seed transmission allows viruses to spread over long distances and is an important source of primary inoculum for vertically transmitted viruses. Seed-borne viruses can survive long periods of drought and facilitate the expansion of geographical ranges. Seed transmission occurs through direct invasion of embryonic tissues or through infection of eggs or pollen.

Detail the process of viral replication and movement within plant cells after inoculation.

After inoculation, replication and translation of the viral genome occur in mesophyll and epidermal cells. Cell-associated viral proteins interact with the viral genome to form transport complexes that allow movement between cells via plasmodesmata. Viral replication and cell-to-cell movement continue in the nuclear phloem, and movement complexes are stored in the SE for long-distance transport.

The mechanism of short-distance movement of viruses in plants involves the modification of which cellular structure by viral movement proteins?

Plasmodesmata

What are some of the methods for preventing the spread of viral diseases in plants, as mentioned in the text?

Strict regulations on the biological safety of plants, monitoring symptoms of seeds, testing seeds for the presence of viruses, soil sterilization, sterilization of garden tools, use of certified seeds, and application of nanoparticles

What is the role of nanoparticles in agriculture in relation to plant protection and genetic materials?

Nanoparticles have gained attention in agriculture for the detection of plant diseases and as carriers of genetic materials due to their unique properties

What are the entry points for viruses into plants, as discussed in the text?

The epidermis and mesophyll cells

Explain the difference between persistent, semi-persistent, and non-persistent transmission of insect-borne viruses in plants.

Persistent transmission involves the vector remaining virulent for an extended period, semi-persistent transmission involves the vector remaining virulent for a shorter period, and non-persistent transmission involves the virus being quickly acquired and transmitted by the vector.

Describe the transmission process of non-persistent viruses by aphids and the factors affecting their spread in plants.

Non-persistent viruses are acquired through the ingestion of phloem sap by aphids and are transported through the salivary system to new host plants. Factors affecting their spread include the duration of aphid feeding and their low vector specificity.

Discuss the significance of vertical and horizontal transmission in the spread and survival of plant viruses.

Vertical transmission occurs between parents and offspring, allowing viruses to persist in the plant population. Horizontal transmission involves the spread of viruses to new plants, contributing to disease epidemics.

Explain the role of non-circulating transmission in the spread of plant viruses, and compare it with circulating transmission.

Non-circulating transmission does not involve the replication of viruses in the vector and is more common in plants. It depends on how long the aphids have been feeding. In contrast, circulating transmission requires viral replication in the vector's tissues and a specific viral protein for transmission.

What are some factors that have worsened the global situation of viral diseases in plants?

Factors such as the rapid spread of crops from their centers of domestication to other continents, monoculture farming of annual plants, and globalization and population growth.

What are the different transmission routes for plant viruses?

Viruses have different transmission routes, including insects, mites, ectoparasitic nematodes, and contact transmission.

What are the characteristics of non-persistent viruses and which genera do they belong to?

Non-persistent viruses are transmitted without passing through the vector's tissues and are found in genera like Luteoviridae, Nanoviridae, and Geminiviridae.

What is the difference between vertical and horizontal transmission of plant viruses?

Vertical transmission is the transmission between parents and offspring, while horizontal transmission involves transmission to new plants.

Study Notes

Silver nanoparticles have shown antimicrobial activity against plant diseases (Elbeshehy et al., 2015; Cordero et al., 2017; Hao et al., 2017).
CRISPR technology is used for plant protection, acting as adaptive immunity against invading nucleic acids.
CRISPR system is divided into two classes: Class 1 (types I, III, and IV) and Class 2 (types II, V, and VI).
Class 2 CRISPR system is suitable for handling nucleic acids and includes Cas type VI proteins for RNA editing and types II and V proteins for DNA editing.
There are two main strategies for using CRISPR/Cas to control plant viruses: destroying viral genomes to inhibit infection and replication, or manipulating host susceptibility factors to enhance plant immunity.
Gene editing technology is used in plant genetic engineering to create resistance to other pathogens and viruses.
Virus-free seeds or plant materials and biotic vector control are alternative methods for protecting crops from virus infection.
Genomic and bioinformatics approaches have helped better understand plant-virus interactions and manipulate viral genes and genomes.
Continuous assessment of plant genetic diversity in terms of interactions with viruses and implementation of integrated, ecological, and intelligent strategies are needed to improve management of viral diseases.
CRISPR/Cas system, use of genetic resistance, and continuous assessment of plant genetic diversity are effective methods to control plant diseases.
The work was supported by the "PandemicFood" and "APVV-20-0015" projects.
References include various studies on plant viruses, plant pathology, and CRISPR technology.
Plant viruses are important pathogens causing significant crop losses and social impact, affecting various crops, ornamental flowers, fibre production, and medicinal products. Up to 47% of plant diseases and epidemics are caused by viruses.
Globalization and population growth increase the risk of viral diseases spreading, potentially leading to food chain disruption and famine. Monoculture farming of annual plants contributes to frequent viral diseases.
Several factors have worsened the global situation of viral diseases, such as the rapid spread of crops from their centers of domestication to other continents, where they are grown as monocultures.
Viruses have different transmission routes, including insects, mites, ectoparasitic nematodes, and contact transmission.
Insect-borne viruses are classified as persistent, semi-persistent, or non-persistent based on the time the vector remains virulent.
Non-circulative viruses are transmitted without passing through the vector's tissues, and they use the honeydew, saliva, or other body fluids as transmission media. They are found in genera like Luteoviridae, Nanoviridae, and Geminiviridae.
Circulating viruses replicate in the tissues of the vector and require a specific viral protein for transmission. They are further divided into circulating and non-circulating viruses.
Viral transmission involves acquisition, stable retention, and release of virions. Non-persistent viruses are transmitted through aphids with low vector specificity and are found only in the insect's mouthparts.
Non-persistent viruses are transmitted to plants when aphids feed and are carried in the saliva. They have a short transmission time and can only spread over short distances.
Non-persistent viruses belong to the genera Alfamovirus, Cucumovirus, Fabavirus, Macluravirus, and Potyvirus.
Vertical transmission is the transmission between parents and offspring, while horizontal transmission involves transmission to new plants.
Non-circulating viruses are transmitted in a non-persistent manner, and their transmission depends on how long the aphids have been feeding.
Non-persistent virus transmission involves acquisition, stable retention, and release of virions. Acquisition occurs through the ingestion of phloem sap, and the virus is transported through the salivary system to the new host plant.
Non-circulating transmission does not involve the replication of viruses in the vector and is more common in plants.

Test your knowledge of virus transmission modes, including semi-persistent transmission, with this quiz. Learn about how certain viruses remain concentrated in specific tissues and are transmitted by aphids or mites.

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