Podcast
Questions and Answers
Non-persistent viruses are transmitted through aphids with low vector specificity and are found only in the insect's ______
Non-persistent viruses are transmitted through aphids with low vector specificity and are found only in the insect's ______
mouthparts
Non-persistent viruses belong to the genera Alfamovirus, Cucumovirus, Fabavirus, Macluravirus, and ______
Non-persistent viruses belong to the genera Alfamovirus, Cucumovirus, Fabavirus, Macluravirus, and ______
Potyvirus
Vertical transmission is the transmission between parents and offspring, while horizontal transmission involves transmission to new ______
Vertical transmission is the transmission between parents and offspring, while horizontal transmission involves transmission to new ______
plants
Non-circulating transmission does not involve the replication of viruses in the vector and is more common in ______
Non-circulating transmission does not involve the replication of viruses in the vector and is more common in ______
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Viruses enter plants through the ______ and mesophyll cells
Viruses enter plants through the ______ and mesophyll cells
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Short-distance movement of viruses requires modification of ______ by viral movement proteins
Short-distance movement of viruses requires modification of ______ by viral movement proteins
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Preventing the spread of viral diseases involves strict regulations on the biological safety of plants, monitoring symptoms of ______, and testing seeds for the presence of viruses
Preventing the spread of viral diseases involves strict regulations on the biological safety of plants, monitoring symptoms of ______, and testing seeds for the presence of viruses
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Nanoparticles have gained attention in agriculture for the detection of plant diseases and as carriers of genetic materials due to their unique ______
Nanoparticles have gained attention in agriculture for the detection of plant diseases and as carriers of genetic materials due to their unique ______
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Seed transmission allows viruses to spread over ______ distances and is an important source of primary inoculum for vertically transmitted viruses.
Seed transmission allows viruses to spread over ______ distances and is an important source of primary inoculum for vertically transmitted viruses.
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Unlike animal viruses, plant viruses are confined to the intracellular ______ and move between cells through plasmodesmata.
Unlike animal viruses, plant viruses are confined to the intracellular ______ and move between cells through plasmodesmata.
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Some plant viruses, such as soybean mosaic virus, are transmitted through ______ and are controlled by homologues of Arabidopsis host genes DCL3 and RDR6, which participate in RNA silencing.
Some plant viruses, such as soybean mosaic virus, are transmitted through ______ and are controlled by homologues of Arabidopsis host genes DCL3 and RDR6, which participate in RNA silencing.
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Cell-associated viral proteins interact with the viral genome to form transport complexes that allow movement between cells via ______.
Cell-associated viral proteins interact with the viral genome to form transport complexes that allow movement between cells via ______.
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Silver nanoparticles have shown antimicrobial activity against ______ diseases
Silver nanoparticles have shown antimicrobial activity against ______ diseases
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CRISPR technology is used for plant protection, acting as adaptive immunity against invading ______ acids
CRISPR technology is used for plant protection, acting as adaptive immunity against invading ______ acids
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Class 2 CRISPR system is suitable for handling nucleic acids and includes Cas type VI proteins for RNA editing and types II and V proteins for ______ editing
Class 2 CRISPR system is suitable for handling nucleic acids and includes Cas type VI proteins for RNA editing and types II and V proteins for ______ editing
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Continuous assessment of plant genetic diversity in terms of interactions with viruses and implementation of integrated, ecological, and intelligent strategies are needed to improve management of ______ diseases
Continuous assessment of plant genetic diversity in terms of interactions with viruses and implementation of integrated, ecological, and intelligent strategies are needed to improve management of ______ diseases
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Plant viruses are a threat to a sustainable economy because they cause economic losses in ______
Plant viruses are a threat to a sustainable economy because they cause economic losses in ______
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The speed and direction of viral evolution are determined by the selective ______
The speed and direction of viral evolution are determined by the selective ______
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Aphids are the most widespread and important vectors of plant ______
Aphids are the most widespread and important vectors of plant ______
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The symptoms of viral diseases are very diverse and are often confused with symptoms of ______
The symptoms of viral diseases are very diverse and are often confused with symptoms of ______
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Explain the two main strategies for using CRISPR/Cas to control plant viruses.
Explain the two main strategies for using CRISPR/Cas to control plant viruses.
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How is gene editing technology utilized in plant genetic engineering?
How is gene editing technology utilized in plant genetic engineering?
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What are the alternative methods for protecting crops from virus infection?
What are the alternative methods for protecting crops from virus infection?
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What are the effective methods to control plant diseases as mentioned in the text?
What are the effective methods to control plant diseases as mentioned in the text?
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Explain the factors that contribute to the rapid spread of plant viruses and the emergence of new viruses.
Explain the factors that contribute to the rapid spread of plant viruses and the emergence of new viruses.
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Why is accurate and timely detection of plant viruses essential for their control?
Why is accurate and timely detection of plant viruses essential for their control?
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What are the most widespread and important vectors of plant viruses, and how many different plant viruses can one of these vectors transmit?
What are the most widespread and important vectors of plant viruses, and how many different plant viruses can one of these vectors transmit?
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Why is the cultivation of monocultures with low genetic diversity and high plant density a factor affecting the emergence of viruses?
Why is the cultivation of monocultures with low genetic diversity and high plant density a factor affecting the emergence of viruses?
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Explain the difference between semi-persistent and persistent viruses in terms of transmission and circulation within the insect vector's body.
Explain the difference between semi-persistent and persistent viruses in terms of transmission and circulation within the insect vector's body.
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Describe the transmission methods of viruses by aphids, whiteflies, thrips, and through seeds.
Describe the transmission methods of viruses by aphids, whiteflies, thrips, and through seeds.
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Explain the significance of seed transmission for the spread and survival of plant viruses.
Explain the significance of seed transmission for the spread and survival of plant viruses.
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Detail the process of viral replication and movement within plant cells after inoculation.
Detail the process of viral replication and movement within plant cells after inoculation.
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The mechanism of short-distance movement of viruses in plants involves the modification of which cellular structure by viral movement proteins?
The mechanism of short-distance movement of viruses in plants involves the modification of which cellular structure by viral movement proteins?
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What are some of the methods for preventing the spread of viral diseases in plants, as mentioned in the text?
What are some of the methods for preventing the spread of viral diseases in plants, as mentioned in the text?
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What is the role of nanoparticles in agriculture in relation to plant protection and genetic materials?
What is the role of nanoparticles in agriculture in relation to plant protection and genetic materials?
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What are the entry points for viruses into plants, as discussed in the text?
What are the entry points for viruses into plants, as discussed in the text?
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Explain the difference between persistent, semi-persistent, and non-persistent transmission of insect-borne viruses in plants.
Explain the difference between persistent, semi-persistent, and non-persistent transmission of insect-borne viruses in plants.
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Describe the transmission process of non-persistent viruses by aphids and the factors affecting their spread in plants.
Describe the transmission process of non-persistent viruses by aphids and the factors affecting their spread in plants.
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Discuss the significance of vertical and horizontal transmission in the spread and survival of plant viruses.
Discuss the significance of vertical and horizontal transmission in the spread and survival of plant viruses.
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Explain the role of non-circulating transmission in the spread of plant viruses, and compare it with circulating transmission.
Explain the role of non-circulating transmission in the spread of plant viruses, and compare it with circulating transmission.
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What are some factors that have worsened the global situation of viral diseases in plants?
What are some factors that have worsened the global situation of viral diseases in plants?
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What are the different transmission routes for plant viruses?
What are the different transmission routes for plant viruses?
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What are the characteristics of non-persistent viruses and which genera do they belong to?
What are the characteristics of non-persistent viruses and which genera do they belong to?
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What is the difference between vertical and horizontal transmission of plant viruses?
What is the difference between vertical and horizontal transmission of plant viruses?
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Study Notes
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Silver nanoparticles have shown antimicrobial activity against plant diseases (Elbeshehy et al., 2015; Cordero et al., 2017; Hao et al., 2017).
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CRISPR technology is used for plant protection, acting as adaptive immunity against invading nucleic acids.
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CRISPR system is divided into two classes: Class 1 (types I, III, and IV) and Class 2 (types II, V, and VI).
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Class 2 CRISPR system is suitable for handling nucleic acids and includes Cas type VI proteins for RNA editing and types II and V proteins for DNA editing.
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There are two main strategies for using CRISPR/Cas to control plant viruses: destroying viral genomes to inhibit infection and replication, or manipulating host susceptibility factors to enhance plant immunity.
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Gene editing technology is used in plant genetic engineering to create resistance to other pathogens and viruses.
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Virus-free seeds or plant materials and biotic vector control are alternative methods for protecting crops from virus infection.
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Genomic and bioinformatics approaches have helped better understand plant-virus interactions and manipulate viral genes and genomes.
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Continuous assessment of plant genetic diversity in terms of interactions with viruses and implementation of integrated, ecological, and intelligent strategies are needed to improve management of viral diseases.
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CRISPR/Cas system, use of genetic resistance, and continuous assessment of plant genetic diversity are effective methods to control plant diseases.
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The work was supported by the "PandemicFood" and "APVV-20-0015" projects.
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References include various studies on plant viruses, plant pathology, and CRISPR technology.
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Plant viruses are important pathogens causing significant crop losses and social impact, affecting various crops, ornamental flowers, fibre production, and medicinal products. Up to 47% of plant diseases and epidemics are caused by viruses.
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Globalization and population growth increase the risk of viral diseases spreading, potentially leading to food chain disruption and famine. Monoculture farming of annual plants contributes to frequent viral diseases.
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Several factors have worsened the global situation of viral diseases, such as the rapid spread of crops from their centers of domestication to other continents, where they are grown as monocultures.
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Viruses have different transmission routes, including insects, mites, ectoparasitic nematodes, and contact transmission.
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Insect-borne viruses are classified as persistent, semi-persistent, or non-persistent based on the time the vector remains virulent.
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Non-circulative viruses are transmitted without passing through the vector's tissues, and they use the honeydew, saliva, or other body fluids as transmission media. They are found in genera like Luteoviridae, Nanoviridae, and Geminiviridae.
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Circulating viruses replicate in the tissues of the vector and require a specific viral protein for transmission. They are further divided into circulating and non-circulating viruses.
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Viral transmission involves acquisition, stable retention, and release of virions. Non-persistent viruses are transmitted through aphids with low vector specificity and are found only in the insect's mouthparts.
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Non-persistent viruses are transmitted to plants when aphids feed and are carried in the saliva. They have a short transmission time and can only spread over short distances.
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Non-persistent viruses belong to the genera Alfamovirus, Cucumovirus, Fabavirus, Macluravirus, and Potyvirus.
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Vertical transmission is the transmission between parents and offspring, while horizontal transmission involves transmission to new plants.
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Non-circulating viruses are transmitted in a non-persistent manner, and their transmission depends on how long the aphids have been feeding.
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Non-persistent virus transmission involves acquisition, stable retention, and release of virions. Acquisition occurs through the ingestion of phloem sap, and the virus is transported through the salivary system to the new host plant.
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Non-circulating transmission does not involve the replication of viruses in the vector and is more common in plants.
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Description
Test your knowledge of virus transmission modes, including semi-persistent transmission, with this quiz. Learn about how certain viruses remain concentrated in specific tissues and are transmitted by aphids or mites.