30 Questions
What structures line the majority of the respiratory tract and move like oars to push mucus to the throat?
Cilia
Where does gas exchange occur in the respiratory system?
In the alveoli
Which tract is described as a hollow tube stretching from the mouth to the anus?
Gastrointestinal Tract
What structures increase the surface area of the epithelium in the small intestine?
Villi
Which cell type is less abundant in the lower respiratory tract compared to the upper respiratory tract?
Goblet cells
What is a characteristic feature of the alveoli of the lungs regarding cell types present?
Absence of ciliated cells
Which type of immune response is carried out by lymphocytes?
Adaptive immune response
How do viruses gain entry into the body through the genital tract?
By replicating in the epidermis and gaining access through small cuts or abrasions
What is the main function of plasma B cells in the immune response?
Produce antibodies against a specific antigen
Which type of infections occur when a mother infects a fetus before its birth?
Congenital Infections
Which cells are primarily directed at intracellular infectious agents in cell-mediated immunity?
T cells
What is the main function of lysozymes in the immune response?
Breaking down bacterial cell walls
How can viruses gain access to the lower, dividing layers of skin for replication?
Through small cuts or abrasions in the skin
What is the term for the generational transmission of viruses from parents to their offspring?
Vertical Transmission
Which immune response is characterized by physical barriers such as tight junctions in the skin and mucous membrane surfaces?
Innate immune response
At what stage in viral pathogenesis does shedding usually occur?
Last stage in viral pathogenesis
In which layer of tissue do viruses that replicate in the epidermis gain access through small cuts or abrasions?
Dermis
How can viruses gain access to the placenta for congenital infections?
Vertically transmitted from parents
Which of the following best defines viral virulence?
The ability of a virus to produce more severe disease in a susceptible host
What is the role of mucus in the upper respiratory tract in relation to viral infection?
Mucus traps inhaled particulate matter, including viruses, preventing their entry into the host cells
Which statement about viral pathogenesis is most accurate?
Viral virulence in intact animals should not be confused with cytopathogenicity for cultured cells
What is the first step in viral pathogenesis?
Entry and primary replication
Which of the following is NOT a part of the respiratory tract?
Gastrointestinal tract
What is the main function of goblet cells in the respiratory tract?
They produce mucus that traps inhaled particulate matter, including viruses
What does the term 'viral shedding' refer to?
The time at which an infected individual is infectious to contacts
Which of the following is NOT a mode of direct transmission for viruses?
Transmission via mosquitoes
What is a 'dead-end infection' in the context of viral infections?
An infection that cannot be transmitted to other hosts
What are 'fomites' in the context of viral transmission?
Nonliving physical substances that can indirectly transmit virions
What does the term 'arbovirus' refer to?
Viruses that are transmitted by arthropods
Which of the following is a characteristic of airborne transmission of viruses?
Transmission via virions suspended in the air for long periods
Explore how viruses cause diseases, the symptoms they can induce, and the terminologies associated with viral pathogenesis. Learn about how viral infections can lead to tissue damage and clinical disease manifestations in hosts.
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