Virus Structure and Classification Quiz

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Questions and Answers

What is the shape of the tobacco mosaic virus?

Spherical

Polyhedral

Helical (correct)

Complex

What type of virus specifically infects bacteria?

Bacteriophage (correct)

Influenza virus

Ebola virus

Adenovirus

Which of the following is a proposed origin theory of viruses?

Viruses evolved from larger mammals

Produced from fragments of genetic material of living organisms (correct)

Viruses were created in laboratory settings

Viruses are a byproduct of cellular respiration

Which virus is classified as having a complex shape?

Bacteriophage Signup and view all the answers

How large are most viruses in diameter?

Less than 0.1 micrometer Signup and view all the answers

What is the ratio of phenotypes expected when crossing two fully heterozygous individuals for two traits?

9:3:3:1 Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following describes the Law of Independent Assortment?

Genes located on separate chromosomes are inherited independently. Signup and view all the answers

In incomplete dominance, what phenotype is produced from a red flower crossed with a white flower?

Pink flower Signup and view all the answers

What characterizes codominance in genetic inheritance?

Both alleles are expressed equally in the phenotype. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is an example of a polygenic trait?

Eye color Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary reason sex-linked traits are more common in males than in females?

Females have two X chromosomes providing a backup. Signup and view all the answers

Which statement is true regarding non-Mendelian genetics?

They incorporate concepts such as multiple alleles and codominance. Signup and view all the answers

What is a characteristic of sex-linked recessive traits?

They can be easily observed in males only. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best explains the concept of biological diversity?

The variety of living organisms on Earth. Signup and view all the answers

How does the Principle of Segregation contribute to genetic variation?

Pairs of alleles segregate during gamete formation. Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of taxonomy in biology?

To classify organisms and assign them names Signup and view all the answers

How many levels of classification did Linnaeus originally establish?

7 Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following correctly describes a homologous structure?

Structures that appear similar due to common ancestry Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following domains includes multicellular organisms?

Eukarya Signup and view all the answers

What is the correct format for writing a scientific name in binomial nomenclature?

Genus is capitalized, species lowercase, both italicized Signup and view all the answers

Which statement best defines natural selection?

The selective survival of organisms based on favorable traits Signup and view all the answers

Which type of structure is a vestigial structure?

A structure reduced in size from previous ancestors Signup and view all the answers

What was one of the main problems with Aristotle's classification system?

It mistakenly grouped unrelated organisms together Signup and view all the answers

Which evidence is NOT considered by modern taxonomy when classifying organisms?

Common names in local languages Signup and view all the answers

What do phylogenetic trees illustrate?

The evolutionary relationships among groups of organisms Signup and view all the answers

Which structure's function is an example of an analogous structure?

The wing of a bird and the wing of a butterfly Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following classifications is the broadest?

Domain Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is true about the organisms classified under the same genus?

They share similar anatomical features. Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of biochemistry in modern taxonomy?

It provides evidence of evolutionary relationships Signup and view all the answers

What occurs in an individual with monosomy?

They have one chromosome instead of a pair. Signup and view all the answers

What results from trisomy 21?

Down Syndrome. Signup and view all the answers

Which condition results from having an extra X chromosome?

Klinefelter Syndrome. Signup and view all the answers

Which syndrome is characterized by a monosomy of the sex chromosomes?

Turner Syndrome. Signup and view all the answers

What genetic principle explains that two factors control each inherited trait?

Law of Segregation. Signup and view all the answers

What describes the physical appearance resulting from an organism's genotype?

Phenotype. Signup and view all the answers

In Mendel's experiments, what was the term for the first generation of offspring resulting from a genetic cross?

F1 Generation. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best defines a dominant allele?

An allele that blocks the expression of another allele. Signup and view all the answers

What occurs during prophase 1 of meiosis that can lead to chromosomal structural rearrangements?

Crossing over between homologous chromosomes. Signup and view all the answers

What is the typical chromosomal composition of Klinefelter Syndrome?

47, XXY. Signup and view all the answers

What type of genetic cross involves two organisms differing by a single trait?

Monohybrid Cross. Signup and view all the answers

What is the cause of most miscarriages during early pregnancy?

Chromosomal abnormalities. Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of amniocentesis in prenatal testing?

To definitively diagnose chromosomal abnormalities. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements is true about Triple X Syndrome?

It involves an extra X chromosome in females. Signup and view all the answers

What do fossils primarily provide evidence for in the study of evolution?

The history of life on Earth Signup and view all the answers

How do scientists determine the absolute age of fossils?

Through radioactive dating Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements best describes homologous structures?

They suggest a common ancestor among different species. Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of transitional fossils?

They demonstrate features between ancient ancestors and their descendants. Signup and view all the answers

Which process describes two or more related species becoming dissimilar through evolution?

Divergent evolution Signup and view all the answers

In the context of biogeography, what did Darwin conclude about species on different continents?

They evolved independently under the same environmental pressures. Signup and view all the answers

What is an example of a vestigial organ?

The wisdom teeth in humans Signup and view all the answers

Which statement accurately describes analogous structures?

They share a common function but are structurally different. Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of cytochrome C in evolutionary biology?

As a protein for cellular respiration Signup and view all the answers

What is comparative anatomy primarily used to study?

The structure and function similarities among organisms Signup and view all the answers

What is the basic building block of carbohydrates?

Monosaccharides Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes macronutrients from micronutrients?

Macronutrients are consumed in larger amounts. Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of digestion in living organisms?

To break down food into smaller molecules for energy Signup and view all the answers

What type of evolution occurs when unrelated species adapt to similar environments and develop similar features?

Convergent evolution Signup and view all the answers

What is a characteristic of scientific theory?

It is supported by extensive evidence. Signup and view all the answers

What does the Theory of Evolution suggest about modern species?

They are the result of changes in heritable information. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following concepts is aligned with gradualism in geology?

Earth changes occur through long-term slow processes. Signup and view all the answers

What was Lamarck's theory regarding acquired characteristics?

Acquired traits can be passed to offspring. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is an example of evidence for evolution?

Fossils showing different species over time. Signup and view all the answers

Which observation led Darwin to propose his theory of natural selection?

Species exhibited variation in different habitats. Signup and view all the answers

What do fossils and rock strata demonstrate in relation to evolution?

Different species can exist at different times. Signup and view all the answers

What aspect of naturalism influenced Darwin's work during the age of imperialism?

Naturalists gathered data under surveying missions. Signup and view all the answers

How did Charles Lyell influence the perspective on Earth's age?

Through geological surveys supporting uniformitarianism. Signup and view all the answers

What was one of Darwin's notable observations during his voyage on the HMS Beagle?

Some isolated regions had unique species not found elsewhere. Signup and view all the answers

What is transmutation in the context of early evolutionary ideas?

Species changing due to environmental factors. Signup and view all the answers

What influenced Darwin’s understanding of species variability?

The observation of similar traits in related animals in different habitats. Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of Darwin's finches in his study of evolution?

They varied in beak shapes across different islands. Signup and view all the answers

What is uniformitarianism in geology?

The idea that current processes have shaped the earth over time. Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Biology 11: Unit 1 - Classification of Living Things

Biodiversity is the variety of life on Earth, encompassing all living things, whether multicellular or unicellular. A system of organization is needed to classify these living things.
Taxonomy is the classification system for living things.
Biological species are groups of organisms that can interbreed and produce fertile offspring. Members of the same species can interbreed, hence a labrador and a poodle can produce a fertile offspring called a labradoodle.
Zorses (horse + zebra hybrids) are infertile, indicating they are not the same species.
Genetic diversity refers to the variation of genes within a species,
Species diversity measures the number of each species and variation in a particular ecosystem.
Ecological diversity describes the variety of biological communities in terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems.

Three Levels of Biodiversity

Genetic diversity: The variety of genes within a species.
Species diversity: The number of different species present in an ecosystem.
Ecological diversity: The variety of biological communities.
Biotic and abiotic factors influence ecological diversity.

Classification of Living Things (Taxonomy)

Scientists group and classify organisms to organize the natural world.
Advances in technology improve classification systems.
Darwin's theory of evolution explains the modification and diversification of species over time.

Darwin's Theory of Evolution

Organisms produce more offspring than can survive.
Limited resources (food, water, shelter) lead to competition.
Individuals best adapted to their environments survive and reproduce.
Traits of the best adapted are passed on, leading to evolution.

Early Attempts of Classification

Aristotle classified organisms over 2,000 years ago into two main groups: animals and plants.
Later classifications expanded on this, recognizing different kingdoms, phylia, and other categories.
Problems arose with the use of common names as organisms were not always related by lineage.

Modern Taxonomy (Phylogeny)

Phylogeny considers the evolutionary history of an organism.
Modern taxonomists use a variety of data including morphology (body structure), cellular organization, evolutionary relationships, and genetic similarities to determine evolutionary relationships and relationships amongst species.
Phylogenetic trees illustrate evolutionary relationships among organisms.
Traditonally, morphology, structure, and cellular organization, embryological and biochemical similarities are all used to classify organisms.
Using more data (including molecular data), modern classification better represents evolutionary relationships amongst species.

Structure Types

Homologous Structures: similar structures in different species due to shared ancestry. (e.g. the bones in the arm of a human, cat, horse etc)
Analogous Structures: similar functions, different structures, (e.g. wings of a bird and wings of a bat).
Vestigial Structures: reduced structures with no apparent function in the current organism but were functional in the organism's ancestors. (e.g. the appendix in humans or whale hip bones).

Biochemical Similarities and Genetic Similarities

Comparing chemical compounds and DNA sequences helps assess relationships between organisms.
More similar the DNA, more closely species are related.

Cladistics

A method of classifying organisms based on evolutionary innovations (shared characteristics).
Creates a cladogram.
Organisms that share a common ancestor are in a clade and are more closely related.
The 'out-group' serves as a basis of comparison in a cladogram.

Classification of Living Things (Lesson 3): Domains

Domains are the highest taxonomic levels, including Bacteria, Archaea, and Eukarya.
Bacteria and Archaea are prokaryotic (no nucleus or other membrane enclosed organelles).
Eukaryotes, including Protista, Plantae, Fungi, and Animalia, are eukaryotic (with a nucleus).
Characteristics such as cell type, cell wall composition, and methods of feeding are used to group organisms.

Characteristics of Life

Movement
Respiration
Sensitivity
Growth
Reproduction
Excretion

Viruses

Viruses are not considered living organisms because they cannot perform any life processes on their own, requiring a host cell.
A virus is composed of a protein capsid and genetic material (DNA or RNA)

Viral Replication and Transmission

Lysogenic cycle: genetic material from the virus is incorporated into the host cellular DNA (genome).
Lytic cycle: viral genetic material replicates itself within the host cell and destroys the cell.

Genetic Material (DNA) and Traits

Traits are characteristics of an organism.
Hereditary refers to traits being passed down from parents.
Genetic information is stored in DNA.
Each gene codes for proteins, which create traits.

DNA Structure

DNA is a molecule made of four nitrogenous bases.
The bases (A,T,C,G) have specific pairing which forms the DNA structure
Pairs to create double helix.

The Cell Cycle

Interphase: The longest phase in the cell cycle that is divided into three subphases: G1, S, and G2. Growth, Synthesis, and Growth.
Mitosis (M phase) is a period of cell division.

Mitosis

The process where one 'parent cell' divides into two identical 'daughter cells'.
PMAT stages: Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase and Telophase, ensuring genetic continuity.
DNA replication happens before mitosis and is responsible for creating an identical copy of DNA.

Mitosis Errors

Errors in DNA replication and division can result in mutations or variations in the genomic makeup of the organism.
Mutations are changes in DNA sequence and can occur spontaneously (errors in the replication or division process) or be caused by mutagens (external factors).
Mutations are important for studying inheritance and how genes are altered.

Meiosis

Meiosis is a specialized cell division process that occurs in germ cells to produce gametes (sex cells).
Meiotic division creates four non-identical gamete cells with half the number of chromosomes of the parent cell.

Gametogenesis

The process of producing gametes or reproductive cells, different for males (spermatogenesis) and females (oogenesis).
In spermatogenesis, a diploid germ cell produces four identical haploid sperm cells.
Polar bodies are produced during oogenesis to maintain the correct number of chromosomes in the mature egg cell.

Nondisjunction

Nondisjunction is an error that occurs during meiosis where homologous chromosomes or sister chromatids fail to separate.
Nondisjunction leads to gametes with an abnormal number of chromosomes and can cause genetic disorders with physical and/or mental abnormalities.
Nondisjunction is more common in females than males as the age of the mother impacts the frequency of the event.

Prenatal Testing

Methods of detecting genetic abnormalities in the fetus before birth, including screening tests (like eFTS) and diagnostic tests (like amniocentesis) to identify genetic abnormalities - such as trisomy 21.

Sources of variation

Different forms of a gene or allele, inheritance, independent assortment, and random chance.

Mendelian Genetics

Laws of Inheritance

Principle of dominance: A dominant allele will mask the expression of a recessive allele in the heterozygous condition.
Principle of Segregation: When gametes are formed, each allele pair segregates randomly.

Beyond Mendelian Genetics

Incomplete dominance: The heterozygous phenotype results in a phenotype that is intermediate between the homozygous phenotypes.
Codominance: Both alleles express themselves in the phenotype.
Polygenic traits: Traits effected by more than one gene.
Sex-linked traits: traits on the sex chromosomes.

Evolution

Evolution is the process of gradual change over time in the genetic makeup of populations.
Organisms may acquire certain traits to improve their fitness and ability to survive and reproduce in their environments.
Modern theory is supported by many lines of evidence.
Organisms change and some of those changes result in traits that enable them to survive and reproduce better.

Evidence for Evolution

Fossil record: Ordered sequence in strata representing the history of life on Earth.
Geographic distribution of species: Similar organisms found in similar environments on different continents suggest common descent.
Homologous body structures: Similar underlying anatomical structures among diverse species.
Vestigial structures: Rudimentary structures with little or no apparent function in modern organisms. Analogous structures in modern organisms fill a similar function but have different origins.
Comparative embryology: Similarity in embryonic development.
Molecular biology: Similarity in DNA and protein sequences.

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Test your knowledge about the structure and classification of viruses. This quiz covers topics such as the shape of the tobacco mosaic virus, types of viruses that infect bacteria, and various theories about the origins of viruses. Challenge yourself with these thought-provoking questions!