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What is the difference between infection and disease?
Infection is the invasion of the host by microorganisms, while disease is a morbid process that does not necessarily involve infection.
Define pathogenicity and provide an example of a primary pathogen.
Pathogenicity is the capacity of a bacterium to cause disease. An example of a primary pathogen is Salmonella spp., identified as the cause of diarrheal disease by laboratory isolation from feces.
Explain the concept of opportunistic pathogens and provide an example.
Opportunistic pathogens are isolated from patients whose host defense mechanisms have been compromised. An example is Escherichia coli causing urinary tract infections in patients predisposed by catheterization.
Why are some bacteria considered nonpathogens, and provide an example?
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What does pathogenesis refer to, and how can bacteria be organized based on it?
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What are virulence factors?
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What is the function of adhesins in microbial pathogenesis?
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Give an example of a bacterial adhesin and its function.
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How can virulence be experimentally measured?
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What is the relationship between virulence and host resistance mechanisms?
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What is the difference between innate immunity and adaptive immunity?
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What is the hallmark of adaptive immunity?
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How does innate immunity differ from adaptive immunity in terms of recognition of pathogens?
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Explain the concept of immunologic memory and its role in adaptive immunity.
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What is the primary difference between the innate and adaptive immune responses?
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What are Pattern Recognition Receptors (PRRs) and what do they recognize?
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Explain the function of cytokines in innate immunity.
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What are the key inflammatory cytokines released during the early response to bacterial infection?
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How are cytokines described in the most current terminology?
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What are Pathogen-Associated Molecular Patterns (PAMPs) and provide examples of these patterns.
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