Virtue Ethics Overview

Virtue ethics is a theoretical approach in moral philosophy that emphasizes the role of character and virtue in shaping moral behavior, rather than focusing on duty or the consequences of one's actions. This perspective is rooted in the belief that moral action arises from having good character, which is shaped by habits and long-term motivations. Here, we will explore the key aspects of virtue ethics, including eudaimonia, Aristotle's virtue ethics, virtue as a habit, and modern applications of this theory.

Eudaimonia

Eudaimonia is a central concept in virtue ethics, meaning 'human flourishing' or 'living well'. It is concerned with the overall quality of life and the well-being of an individual, rather than just their actions or outcomes. This concept is closely linked to the idea of virtue, as it suggests that developing and practicing virtues is essential for achieving eudaimonia. In other words, living a virtuous life is seen as the best way to flourish and live well.

Aristotle's Virtue Ethics

Aristotle's virtue ethics is arguably one of the most well-known and influential accounts of this approach. He believed that moral virtue is a habit that results from repeatedly performing good actions. According to Aristotle, virtues are intermediate between two extremes: one that is not a virtue at all, and the other that is an extreme of the virtue itself. For example, courage is the virtue that lies between rashness (excess) and cowardice (deficiency). This perspective emphasizes the importance of habituation, as it is through the development of habits that individuals become virtuous and capable of living well.

Virtue as a Habit

In the context of virtue ethics, virtue is seen as a habit or disposition that arises from repeated practice and is shaped by one's motivations and long-term goals. This perspective contrasts with deontological and consequentialist theories, which focus on rules and consequences, respectively. Instead, virtue ethics suggests that moral action stems from having a virtuous character, which is developed through habituation and the cultivation of virtues.

Modern Applications of Virtue Ethics

Virtue ethics has a wide range of modern applications, particularly in the fields of social and political philosophy, education, health care, and technology. For example, Deirdre McCloskey argues that virtue ethics can provide a basis for understanding capitalism, while James Page suggests that it can provide a rationale and foundation for peace education. In health care, Thomas Alured Faunce argues that whistleblowing can be understood from a virtue ethical perspective, and Barry Schwartz suggests that 'practical wisdom' is an antidote to the inefficiencies and inhumane aspects of modern technology. Shannon Vallor has also proposed a series of 'technomoral' virtues that are necessary for individuals to flourish in our socio-technological environment.

In conclusion, virtue ethics is a distinctive approach to moral philosophy that emphasizes the role of character and virtue in shaping moral behavior. It is rooted in the concept of eudaimonia, which emphasizes the importance of human flourishing and living well. Aristotle's virtue ethics provides a foundational understanding of virtue as a habit, shaped by repeated practice and motivated by long-term goals. Modern applications of this theory can be found in various fields, demonstrating its relevance and usefulness in understanding moral issues in contemporary society.