Virtue Ethics Overview
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Questions and Answers

What central question does Aristotle ask in his Nicomachean Ethics?

  • What is the good of man? (correct)
  • What is the right action?
  • What is happiness?
  • What is the purpose of life?

Which virtue does Aristotle discuss as part of his ethical framework?

  • Wealth
  • Compassion
  • Courage (correct)
  • Intelligence

What was considered the basis of moral goodness by Saint Augustine?

  • Social contracts
  • Divine Law (correct)
  • Human reason
  • Natural instincts

How did modern moral philosophers shift their focus compared to ancient thinkers?

<p>From virtue to duty (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the essence of Ethical Egoism?

<p>Promoting one's own interests (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What did the emergence of the Moral Law signify in the context of moral philosophy?

<p>The replacement of Divine Law with human rules (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following describes Utilitarianism?

<p>Leading to the most happiness for the majority (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a common characteristic of both ancient Greeks and early Christian thinkers regarding ethics?

<p>Focus on character traits and virtues (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main idea behind Kant’s theory of moral philosophy?

<p>We should follow rules we could accept as universal laws. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What criticism did Elizabeth Anscombe have regarding modern moral philosophy?

<p>It is based on the incoherent concept of a 'law' without a lawgiver. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to Aristotle, how is a virtue defined?

<p>It is a trait that is manifested in habitual action and is commendable. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the concept of courage represent in Aristotle's virtue theory?

<p>The mean between cowardice and foolhardiness. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT listed as a moral virtue?

<p>Dishonesty (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What impact did Anscombe's article have on the discourse surrounding virtue ethics?

<p>It sparked renewed interest and discussion in virtue ethics. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In what way do virtues differ when it comes to different social roles?

<p>The characteristics deemed virtuous can vary between different roles. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does virtue ethics prioritize over obligation and duty?

<p>Personal character and virtues. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes a vice according to the content?

<p>A harmful character trait that is consistently demonstrated. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is an essential feature of virtues according to the content?

<p>They are qualities that make us seek out someone's company. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What aspect is crucial in distinguishing a virtue from a vice?

<p>Both are traits but virtues are beneficial while vices are harmful. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following virtues would be most relevant to a teacher?

<p>Compassion (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do epistemologists view the traits listed as virtues?

<p>Each virtue has distinctive features and poses unique challenges. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does the text differentiate between courage in a noble cause and courage in a wicked cause?

<p>Courage can be present in both admirable and detestable contexts. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does Aristotle consider to be the mean of generosity?

<p>Generosity falls between stinginess and extravagance. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why do many people resist the idea of extreme generosity?

<p>They fear becoming destitute or sacrificing their normal lives. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary reason honesty is considered a virtue?

<p>It fosters trust in social interactions. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does the text characterize the act of deception?

<p>Some types of deception are seen as less objectionable than outright lying. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the text imply about the relationship between wealth and generosity?

<p>Generosity can exist in the context of wealth but requires action against excess. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the context of social living, why is honesty vital?

<p>It allows for trust, which is essential for community functioning. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What principle do modern utilitarians share with Jesus regarding generosity?

<p>One should give to the point of personal suffering for the benefit of others. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the discussion around Saint Athanasius illustrate concerning honesty?

<p>Deception can be justified in dire situations. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How is the virtue of honesty potentially compromised?

<p>By engaging in manipulative behavior. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What might excessive opulence prevent regarding generosity?

<p>It might inhibit one's ability to recognize how much they should give. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a potential outcome of dishonesty in communication?

<p>It contributes to societal dysfunction. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why do some believe that Jesus's teaching on generosity is too demanding?

<p>It requires people to entirely abandon their wealth. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which quality must an honest person avoid according to Geach?

<p>Deceiving others in any form. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What challenge does the idea of extreme generosity present to individuals?

<p>It may demand sacrifices that disrupt one's daily life. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the second view about honesty imply?

<p>Honesty may be compromised for compelling reasons. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one justification for lying in the case of Saint Athanasius?

<p>He valued his life more than an untruth. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to the passage, how does friendship contribute to a good life?

<p>It offers psychological support and affirmation. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What limits the demands of justice among friends, according to the passage?

<p>Friendship requires loyalty and partiality. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does Aristotle argue about virtues?

<p>They are traits of character with different values. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a potential reason for someone to act against their loyalty to family?

<p>Justice may require unbiased decisions. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does loyalty involve in the context of friendship?

<p>Sticking with friends in both good and bad times. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why is honesty considered important in social interactions?

<p>It allows for successful interaction with others. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What scenario does the passage illustrate about lying enhancing survival?

<p>Saint Athanasius lying to mislead unjust pursuers. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In what way might the virtues conflict with each other, based on the passage?

<p>Loyalty can sometimes contradict honesty. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the overarching argument for the importance of virtues according to Aristotle?

<p>Virtues are necessary for human flourishing. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the example of Euthyphro's decision imply about familial loyalty?

<p>Legal obligations can override family loyalty. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What might undermine the morality of lying, based on the trust perspective?

<p>The person being lied to deserves trust. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one of the limitations of Radical Virtue Ethics regarding virtues?

<p>It cannot specify what someone's best interests are. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In a situation of moral conflict, what is a challenge posed by Radical Virtue Ethics?

<p>It fails to advise on which virtue to prioritize when they conflict. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why is Radical Virtue Ethics said to be limited to platitudes?

<p>It provides only vague directives like 'be kind' or 'be honest'. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the discussion suggest is necessary alongside Radical Virtue Ethics?

<p>A larger ethical theory that accommodates various moral considerations. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to the discussion, what might a comprehensive ethical theory include?

<p>A combination of right action and virtuous character. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In what way can a utilitarian theory be compatible with an inquiry into virtue?

<p>By examining the actions that promote the happiest society. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is indicated as a necessary component for practical decision making beyond Radical Virtue Ethics?

<p>An exploration of all considerations and rationales involved. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the theory of Radical Virtue Ethics struggle to address during moral dilemmas?

<p>The exact scenarios when certain virtues should be applied. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does Nietzsche criticize about the general concept of virtues?

<p>He thinks it is naive to impose a singular standard on all people. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which virtue is deemed universally necessary according to Aristotle?

<p>Courage (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to the content, which virtue is often misrepresented by society?

<p>Generosity (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What aspect of moral motivation is highlighted as a strength of Virtue Ethics?

<p>It emphasizes the importance of personal qualities. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which scenario illustrates a weakness in acting solely from a sense of duty?

<p>A person visits you to fulfill an obligation rather than out of genuine care. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a common characteristic of virtues across different societies?

<p>They are influenced by the values of a region. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a primary concern of virtue ethics compared to other moral theories?

<p>The character of the moral agent (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What did Aristotle believe about human connections across diverse societies?

<p>All humans deal with the same basic needs and problems. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following concepts poses a challenge to impartiality in moral philosophy?

<p>Favoritism towards loved ones (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why might the virtues differ from person to person?

<p>Individual personalities and social roles vary. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Radical Virtue Ethics seeks to redefine which of the following?

<p>The notion of 'morally right action' (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to the criticisms of Radical Virtue Ethics, what is a significant limitation of this theory?

<p>It cannot adequately explain the value of certain virtues (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is implied about a life without virtues according to the article?

<p>Societies cannot exist without virtues. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the theory of virtue ethics suggest about the nature of moral issues?

<p>They are often complex and involve character assessment (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How did Nietzsche perceive moralists who dictate how people should be?

<p>He considered them as naive and limiting. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which virtue is highlighted as potentially conflicting in certain moral situations?

<p>Kindness (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which virtue is highlighted as crucial for maintaining trustworthy relationships?

<p>Loyalty (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is suggested as a possible alternative to assessing moral actions within Radical Virtue Ethics?

<p>Using terms from traditional ethics (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the article suggest about the expression of certain virtues in different societies?

<p>The interpretation of virtues can vary widely. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the potential drawback of emphasizing moral duty over personal connection?

<p>It may lead to misunderstandings about intentions. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does virtue ethics view the roles of partiality and impartiality?

<p>They have different relevance depending on the context (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of life role might require distinct virtues according to the article?

<p>All of the above. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the criticism of 'incompletion' refer to in the context of virtue ethics?

<p>An inability to prescribe specific actions in certain scenarios (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What might be a reason for supporting the notion of dependability as a virtue?

<p>It ensures societal cohesion (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the article suggest about friendship in relation to virtue ethics?

<p>It is integral to establishing moral bonds. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the term 'virtue' imply in the context of ethical behavior?

<p>A characteristic that promotes good conduct (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best characterizes the relationship between loyalty and beneficence in virtue ethics?

<p>Loyalty often conflicts with beneficence (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What aspect of moral evaluation does Radical Virtue Ethics prioritize?

<p>The character of the person acting (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Aristotle's Ethics Focus

Aristotle's ethics centered around character traits that make someone a good person.

Ancient Ethics Question

Ancient thinkers questioned what character traits make a person good.

Christian Ethics Focus

Christian ethics emphasized obedience to God's laws for righteous living.

Medieval Virtue Context

Medieval discussions of virtues were within the framework of Divine Law.

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Modern Ethics Question

Modern ethics shifted to asking 'What is the right thing to do?'

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Ethical Egoism

Ethical theory stating that individuals should act in their self-interest.

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Social Contract Theory

Moral theory based on rules rational self-interested people would agree upon.

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Utilitarianism

Ethical theory focusing maximizing happiness for the greatest number.

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Virtue Ethics

A moral philosophy that emphasizes the development of virtuous character traits.

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Virtue

A commendable trait of character, demonstrated through habitual action.

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Moral Virtue

A trait of character that is good for everyone to have.

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Courage

The mean between cowardice and foolhardiness.

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Habitual Action

Repeated actions that demonstrate character.

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Universal Law

Rules that apply to everyone in all situations.

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Benevolence

Generosity and kindness towards others.

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Fairness

Treating everyone equally and justly.

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Honesty

Truthfulness and integrity in actions and words.

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Compassion

Sympathy and concern for the suffering of others.

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Conscientiousness

Diligence and responsibility in one's actions.

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Moderation

Avoiding extremes in thoughts and actions.

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Courage in an unworthy cause

Lack of virtue when pursuing an immoral goal.

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Modern Moral Philosophy

Moral philosophy that focuses on moral codes and rules.

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Aristotle

Ancient Greek philosopher associated with virtue ethics.

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Absolute Rule

A rule that should never be broken, even in exceptional circumstances.

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Compelling Reason

A strong justification for breaking a rule, overriding the usual moral obligation.

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Self-Preservation

The instinct to protect oneself from harm and danger.

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Saint Athanasius

A historical figure who may have justified lying to avoid persecution.

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Violation of Trust

Breaking a promise or acting in a way that undermines someone's confidence in you.

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Deserving Trust

When someone has earned your confidence through their actions and character.

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Loyalty

A virtue characterized by faithfulness and commitment to friends, family, and other important relationships.

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Friendship

A close relationship based on mutual affection, trust, and shared interests.

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Benefits of Friendship

The positive effects of having friends, including emotional support, psychological well-being, and practical help.

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Self-Esteem

A positive view of oneself and one's abilities, often shaped by the opinions of friends.

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Duties to Strangers

Moral obligations we have to people we don't know, such as treating them fairly.

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Generalized Beneficence

The virtue of being kind and helpful to others, even those we don't know.

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Justice

A virtue that requires fair and impartial treatment of all individuals.

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Are Virtues Universal?

The question of whether the same virtues are desirable for everyone, regardless of their background or lifestyle.

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Nietzsche's View on Virtues

Nietzsche believed that the ideal of a single set of virtues for everyone is naive, as diverse individuals thrive on their own unique sets of values.

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Virtues Vary by Role

The virtues needed for successful living can differ based on the roles people play in society and the types of lives they lead.

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Virtues Reflect Society

The values and institutions of a society influence the virtues that are considered desirable and necessary for flourishing.

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Universal Virtues?

While the interpretation and expression of virtues can vary, there are certain core virtues considered essential for all people in all societies.

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Courage in Different Contexts

Even scholars, who might not face physical danger, need courage to take risks or stand up for their beliefs.

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Generosity Across Societies

Generosity is valued in every society because there will always be individuals who need help or support.

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Honesty as Foundation

Honesty is essential for any society to function, as reliable communication is vital for trust and cooperation.

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Friendship's Virtue

Loyalty and friendship are crucial for everyone, as they contribute to a sense of belonging and mutual support.

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Virtue Ethics' Motivation

One key advantage of virtue ethics is that it provides a more appealing account of moral motivation, emphasizing internal qualities like friendship and loyalty.

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Virtue Over Duty

Virtue ethics argues that focusing solely on duty or right action can feel cold and impersonal, missing the warmth of genuine human connection.

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Impartiality in Ethics

Virtue ethics raises doubts about strict impartiality, suggesting that our personal relationships and affiliations play a valuable role in moral life.

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Virtue and Personal Relationships

Virtue ethics emphasizes that personal qualities like love, friendship, and loyalty are essential for a fulfilling moral life.

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Virtue Ethics Value

Virtue ethics offers a more complete picture of the moral life by focusing on character traits and personal relationships, going beyond just rules and duties.

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Radical Virtue Ethics Limitation

Radical Virtue Ethics cannot determine what constitutes someone's best interests, making it unable to fully define virtues or guide actions.

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Virtue Ethics and Moral Conflicts

Radical Virtue Ethics struggles to resolve situations where virtues clash, leaving individuals unsure of which virtuous action to take.

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Platitudes in Virtue Ethics

Radical Virtue Ethics often offers vague, general advice like 'be kind' or 'be honest,' which is insufficient in complex moral dilemmas.

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Virtue Ethics as Part of a Larger Theory

Virtue Ethics is best understood as a component of a broader ethical framework, not a complete theory on its own.

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Utilitarianism and Virtue

Utilitarianism, which aims to maximize happiness, can help define virtues by considering which character traits lead to a happier society.

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Virtue Ethics and the Quest for Happiness

From a moral perspective, we strive for a society where everyone lives happy and fulfilling lives. Virtue Ethics can help us understand which character traits contribute to this goal.

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Virtuous Character: A Tool for Happiness

Virtuous character, while not the sole means, can be a valuable instrument in achieving a flourishing society with happy individuals.

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The Importance of a Comprehensive Ethical Framework

Building a complete ethical framework requires considering various aspects of decision-making, including right action and virtuous character.

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Utilitarianism & Impartiality

Utilitarianism emphasizes impartiality, requiring moral agents to act as if they were detached observers caring equally for all.

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Partiality in Relationships

The natural inclination to favor those we love, like family and friends.

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Virtue Ethics & Partiality

Virtue ethics recognizes both impartial and partial virtues, allowing for balanced care for loved ones and everyone else.

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Virtue Ethics: Character Focus

Virtue ethics emphasizes the development of good character as the foundation of ethical behavior.

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Virtue Ethics: Action Assessment

While focusing on character, virtue ethics can also help assess actions based on moral virtues.

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Radical Virtue Ethics: Right Action

Radical virtue ethics argues that the concept of 'right action' itself may be unnecessary.

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Virtue Ethics: Complete Theory?

Some believe Virtue Ethics is a complete moral theory that can stand alone, while others believe it needs to be combined with other ethical frameworks.

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Virtue Ethics & Dependability

Virtue ethics explains the value of dependability by considering the reason why it is a virtue - how it benefits individuals and society.

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Virtue Ethics: Difficult Cases

Virtue ethics can help navigate complex ethical dilemmas by considering what a virtuous person would do in such a situation.

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Virtue & Beneficence Dilemma

The virtue of beneficence can conflict with kindness when someone's desire for information conflicts with what would make them feel good.

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Virtue Ethics: Beyond Narrowness

Virtue ethics might need additional explanations for why certain virtues are good, moving beyond its own internal framework.

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Virtue Ethics: Incomplete Theory?

Criticism argues that virtue ethics is incomplete because it cannot explain all ethical issues on its own.

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Virtue Ethics & Assessment of Actions

Virtue ethics can assess actions by considering the reasons given for or against them, based on how they relate to virtues.

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Study Notes

Virtue Ethics

  • Ancient Greek ethicists focused on character traits that define a "good person," emphasizing virtues like courage, self-control, generosity, and truthfulness.
  • Christianity introduced a different ethical framework, emphasizing obedience to divine law and theological virtues (faith, hope, charity, obedience).
  • Post-Renaissance philosophy shifted away from divine law, endorsing a "Moral Law" derived from human reason and focusing on rules defining right actions.
  • Modern moral philosophies include Ethical Egoism (acting in self-interest), Social Contract Theory (following mutually beneficial rules), Utilitarianism (maximizing happiness), and Kantianism (following universalizable rules).

Virtue Ethics and its Components

  • A virtue theory includes defining virtues, listing them, explaining their nature, and justifying their value.
  • A virtue is a commendable character trait exhibited habitually. Vices are analogous bad traits.
  • Virtues can vary among individuals and cultures, related to specific roles people hold (e.g., auto mechanic, teacher). Moral virtues are good for anyone.
  • Examples of moral virtues include benevolence, fairness, civility, compassion, conscientiousness, honesty, courage, justice, loyalty, etc.
  • Virtues are seen as "means" between extremes (e.g., courage is between cowardice and recklessness).
  • Virtue application in specific situations is sometimes complex (e.g., terrorist behavior and perceived courage).

Challenges and Advantages of Virtue Ethics

  • Moral Motivation: Acting "out of duty" lacks the motivational depth of acting from personal virtues (like friendship, love, loyalty).
  • Impartiality: A concern that prioritizing family and friends, while crucial for a meaningful life, conflicts with impartiality-based ethical theories.
  • Virtue ethics can be incomplete because it might not explain why particular virtues are good, how they apply in difficult situations, or handle moral conflicts lacking a direct connection to virtue.
  • Radical Virtue Ethics, focusing solely on the virtues themselves, may be incomplete. Virtue ethicists need a broader framework incorporating other considerations for complete guidance.

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Description

This quiz explores the concept of Virtue Ethics, tracing its evolution from Ancient Greek philosophy to modern ethical frameworks. It covers key virtues, their definitions, and the distinctions between virtues and vices. Engage with the moral philosophies that have influenced contemporary ethical thought.

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