Virology Quiz on Viral Genomes and Classification

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Questions and Answers

Which of the following viruses are classified as members of the Parvoviridae family?

Human Papilloma virus (HPV)

Hepatitis C virus

Parvovirus B19 (correct)

Adenovirus1

Which viral family is known for causing hemorrhagic fever?

Bunyaviridae (correct)

Picornaviridae

Rhabdoviridae

Orthomyxoviridae

Which type of viral genome can be classified as 'gapped'?

Circular DNA with a gap (correct)

Linear DNA

Circular DNA

Segmented RNA

What is the key characteristic of a 'single-stranded ambisense (+/-)' RNA genome?

It contains both positive and negative strands linked together with a loop Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following viruses is NOT classified as a DNA virus based on the provided information?

Influenza virus Signup and view all the answers

What is the difference between ssRNA(+) and ssRNA(-) viral genomes?

ssRNA(+) genomes can directly translate into proteins, ssRNA(-) needs to be transcribed first Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of viral genomes?

Viral genomes always encode for all the proteins needed for replication Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following viruses is known as the agent of smallpox?

Poxvirus Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of the molecular technique based on the detection of viral antigens?

To confirm a diagnosis in immunocompromised patients Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a potential problem associated with the rapid diagnosis technique based on viral antigens?

Quick availability of results Signup and view all the answers

What is a critical factor to consider for an accurate diagnosis when suspecting a respiratory infection?

Sample collection method Signup and view all the answers

Which immunological technique is mentioned as a method to detect specific viral antigens?

Immunofluorescence Signup and view all the answers

What is a notable disadvantage of using rapid antigen detection tests?

It has low sensitivity compared to traditional methods. Signup and view all the answers

In the context of viral infections, which patient group is primarily targeted for the rapid diagnosis based on detection of viral antigens?

Immunocompromised patients Signup and view all the answers

What type of samples are primarily used for the detection of respiratory and gastrointestinal viruses?

Samples from specific locations Signup and view all the answers

Why is it particularly important to have good specimens when performing viral antigen tests?

To achieve better accuracy in diagnosis. Signup and view all the answers

What is the main enzymatic function of reverse transcriptase in retroviruses?

To convert RNA into cDNA Signup and view all the answers

Which retrovirus was discovered by Gallo in 1981?

HTLV-III Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements about retroviruses is correct?

They are enveloped viruses with a single-stranded RNA. Signup and view all the answers

What did Bishop and Varmus contribute to the understanding of retroviruses?

They elucidated the origins of retroviral oncogenes. Signup and view all the answers

Which viruses were initially dismissed by the scientific community despite their later importance?

Avian leukosis and Rous sarcoma viruses Signup and view all the answers

What significant change did the discovery of reverse transcriptase contribute to molecular biology?

It demonstrated that RNA can serve as a template for DNA synthesis. Signup and view all the answers

What role did Ellerman and Bang play in the study of viruses and cancer?

They established the viral cause of leukemia in chickens. Signup and view all the answers

When was the first case of AIDS reported and by whom?

In 1981 by Antony Fauci Signup and view all the answers

What is the main role of IgGs in relation to viruses?

They block the interaction of receptors to anti-receptors. Signup and view all the answers

What does seropositivity indicate?

Presence of antibodies against various viruses. Signup and view all the answers

Which virus typically offers lifelong immunity?

Chickenpox virus Signup and view all the answers

What is primarily detected in direct virologic diagnosis?

Viral nucleic acids. Signup and view all the answers

What is seroconversion?

The appearance of IgMs and/or IgGs in a second sample. Signup and view all the answers

What characteristic is true of IgMs during a primary viral infection?

They decrease after one month. Signup and view all the answers

Which method is considered the most current for direct viral detection?

Nucleic acid detection. Signup and view all the answers

Which antibodies usually rise in levels after the decline of IgMs?

IgGs. Signup and view all the answers

What characterizes acute infections followed by viral clearance?

They resolve quickly within 1-2 weeks. Signup and view all the answers

What is an essential component of the immune response to viral infections like influenza?

A protective long-term immune response. Signup and view all the answers

What usually occurs after the resolution of an acute viral infection?

A new infection can occur upon contact with the virus. Signup and view all the answers

What is necessary for achieving high levels of protection against viruses like influenza?

Regular annual vaccinations. Signup and view all the answers

Why do symptoms recur with new strains of the influenza virus?

The body does not recognize the new strain. Signup and view all the answers

What is true of the immune response to respiratory viruses?

The immune response can be temporary or long-lasting. Signup and view all the answers

What typically begins the cycle of infection with viruses like influenza?

Exposure to a new viral strain. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes the overall nature of acute viral infections?

They usually resolve but may lead to re-infection. Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary characteristic of oncoretroviruses?

They produce or activate oncoproteins that alter the cell cycle. Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes lentiviruses from other retroviruses?

They can persist in a clinically latent state for a long time. Signup and view all the answers

Which type of HIV is considered more pathogenic?

HIV-1, as it is responsible for most AIDS cases. Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of antiretroviral therapy (ART) in HIV treatment?

It halts viral replication, delaying disease progression. Signup and view all the answers

Which family of viruses are primarily associated with immune system disorders and tumors in humans?

Retroviridae Signup and view all the answers

What does the term 'oncogenic' refer to?

Viruses that can lead to the formation of tumors. Signup and view all the answers

Which retrovirus subfamily is NOT associated with tumors in humans?

Lentiviridae Signup and view all the answers

What structural feature is commonly observed in retroviruses using electron microscopy?

A core with a capsid and an outer envelope. Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Medical Virology

Viruses are ubiquitous, infecting all organisms from bacteria to humans.
Viruses carry viral genomes as part of genetic material.
Viruses can have interactions with organs that can be beneficial.
Viruses are responsible for many human diseases.
Viruses interact with the host, and after infection, can persist for a lifetime.
Viruses are abundant in marine environments, killing up to 40% of marine microbes daily, converting them into phytoplankton.

The Virome

Virtually all parts of the body are susceptible to viral infection.
Viruses can persist in either an active or latent form within the host.
Asymptomatic infections are common in immunocompetent hosts.
Symptomatic infections are more common in immunocompromised hosts.
A vast majority of viruses have no significant effect on human health.

History of Virology

Molecular evolution places some viruses among dinosaurs.
Viral study started in the 19th century.

First Vaccine and Variolation

Variolation, first method for smallpox vaccination, involved inoculation of pus from a smallpox pustule into healthy individuals.
This method developed specific antibodies to prevent and contrast the infection, demonstrating the effectiveness of introducing small particles to counteract large diseases.

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Description

Test your knowledge on virology with this quiz covering various viral families, genome types, and diagnostic techniques. Explore key concepts related to viruses such as Parvoviridae, smallpox, and methods for detecting viral antigens. Challenge yourself and see how well you understand the intricacies of viral classification and characteristics.