Virology: Negative and Positive Sense RNA Viruses
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Questions and Answers

What is the primary function of RNA replicase in negative sense viruses?

  • To synthesize the complimentary RNA strand (correct)
  • To transcribe the viral mRNA
  • To replicate the viral genome
  • To translate the viral genome directly into proteins

    • What is the main difference between positive and negative sense viruses?

  • The presence of a cell wall
  • The type of cells they infect
  • The ability to be directly translated by the host cell's ribosomes (correct)
  • The type of enzymes they carry

    • What is the primary component of the Gram Positive cell wall?

  • thick layer Peptidoglycan (correct)
  • Lipopolysaccharides
  • Lipoteichoic acid
  • thin layer Peptidoglycan

    • What is the characteristic of Gram Negative bacterial cell walls?

    <p>A thin layer of peptidoglycan and an outer membrane</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do bacteria use the Electron Transport Chain?

    <p>They use their own cell membrane to house the ETC enzymes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a characteristic of Eukaryotic cell walls?

    <p>They do not have peptidoglycan</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary mechanism by which a lysosome digests its contents?

    <p>It fuses its membrane with a carrier and injects hydrolytic enzymes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main difference between prokaryotic and eukaryotic ribosomes?

    <p>Size of the subunits</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why do cells that need a lot of energy have a high concentration of mitochondria?

    <p>To generate more energy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does the environment in the nucleus compare to the environment in the rest of the cell?

    <p>It is separate and distinct</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic of prokaryotic DNA?

    <p>It is circular and found in the cytosol</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do lysosomes typically interact with their targets?

    <p>Through vesicle fusion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of the Smooth ER in terms of lipid synthesis?

    <p>Synthesis of lipids such as phospholipids and steroids</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of the Cytoskeleton in the cell?

    <p>To provide shape and structure to the cell</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where are proteins synthesized into the Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum typically sent?

    <p>The Smooth ER</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the Golgi Apparatus?

    <p>To receive materials from the ER and modify them</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic of Smooth ER that distinguishes it from Rough ER?

    <p>It has no ribosomes in its membrane</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the path that materials take after leaving the Smooth ER?

    <p>Smooth ER to the Golgi Apparatus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the nucleus in eukaryotic cells?

    <p>To store genetic information and machinery</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic structure of flagella and cilia in eukaryotic cells?

    <p>9 + 2 structure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the restriction on bacterial conjugation?

    <p>F+ Bacteria can only conjugate to F- Bacteria</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the stationary phase in bacterial growth?

    <p>The phase where bacteria have reduced resources and can no longer grow as quickly</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the stroma composed of?

    <p>Connective tissue</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main difference between viral lysis and viral extrusion?

    <p>Viral lysis kills the host cell, while viral extrusion does not</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where does the modified material travel to after leaving the Golgi Apparatus?

    <p>Its intended location inside or outside the cell</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to the host cell in the Lytic cycle?

    <p>It is destroyed and the viruses spread to new cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of the bacterial flagellum filament?

    <p>To move the bacterium</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of the lysogenic cycle?

    <p>The host genome incorporates the viral DNA</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the Golgi Apparatus in the cell?

    <p>To modify and transport proteins</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What occurs during the Log Phase of bacterial growth?

    <p>The bacteria grow exponentially</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of RNA replicase in the host cell?

    <p>To synthesize a complimentary RNA strand</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary difference between Gram Positive and Gram Negative cell walls?

    <p>The thickness of the peptidoglycan layer in Gram Positive bacteria</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do negative sense viruses ensure the synthesis of viral proteins?

    <p>By synthesizing a complimentary RNA strand that can be translated</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic of positive sense viruses?

    <p>The viral genome can be directly translated into proteins</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the periplasmic space in Gram Negative bacteria?

    <p>To house the electron transport chain enzymes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic of the cell wall in Gram Positive bacteria?

    <p>A thick layer of peptidoglycan and lipoteichoic acid</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the cytoplasmic membrane in bacteria?

    <p>To house the electron transport chain enzymes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic of Eukaryotic cell walls?

    <p>The absence of peptidoglycan and lipoteichoic acid</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of motor proteins like Kinesin and Dynein in relation to microtubules?

    <p>To travel along microtubules and drag vesicles with them</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characteristic do Archaea share with Eukaryotes?

    <p>Metabolic pathways</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the optional component of a virus?

    <p>Envelope</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of Centrioles during mitosis?

    <p>To exert their effects during mitosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of adding Iodide in the Gram Stain process?

    <p>To bind the crystal violet and trap it in the cell</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic of Archaea that allows them to thrive in extreme environments?

    <p>Ability to employ chemosynthesis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary component of microtubules?

    <p>Tubulin proteins</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the stage of bacterial growth where the growth rate slows down due to depletion of resources?

    <p>Stationary Phase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of centrioles in a cell?

    <p>To organize microtubules during cell division</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic of a facultative anaerobe?

    <p>It can switch between anaerobic and aerobic metabolism</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of histones in the nucleus?

    <p>To organize DNA into chromatin structures</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of peroxisomes in a cell?

    <p>To break down hydrogen peroxide</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of cilia in a cell?

    <p>To move materials along the cell's surface</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of flagella in a cell?

    <p>To propel the cell itself</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic of a centrosome in a cell?

    <p>It is the region of the cell where the centrioles are found</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of a mitochondrion in a cell?

    <p>To generate energy for the cell</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of a plasmid in a bacterium?

    <p>To provide an evolutionary advantage</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic of a retrovirus?

    <p>It carries an enzyme that synthesizes DNA from RNA</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of a sex pilus?

    <p>To form conjugation bridges between bacteria</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of a tail sheath?

    <p>To inject genetic information into a bacterium</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a virulence factor?

    <p>A type of plasmid that makes a bacterium more pathogenic</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a provirus or prophage?

    <p>A latent piece of viral genome that has been integrated into the host's genome</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a mitochondrion?

    <p>A double-membraned organelle that generates ATP</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a lumen?

    <p>The inside space of a hollow tubular structure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the Smooth ER in terms of protein synthesis?

    <p>Packaging and transportation of proteins to the Golgi Apparatus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of the Cytoskeleton in the cell?

    <p>To provide shape and structure to the cell</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic that distinguishes Smooth ER from Rough ER?

    <p>Absence of ribosomes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of the Golgi Apparatus receiving materials from the ER?

    <p>To modify materials by adding functional groups</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the relationship between the Endoplasmic Reticulum and the nuclear envelope?

    <p>They are contiguous</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the Smooth ER in terms of lipid synthesis?

    <p>Synthesis of lipids</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the path that materials take after leaving the Smooth ER?

    <p>To the Golgi Apparatus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of the Smooth ER in detoxification?

    <p>To detoxify certain drugs and poisons</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of an endosome?

    <p>To digest and recycle cellular waste</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of anaerobe is not harmed by the presence of oxygen in the environment?

    <p>Aerotolerant anaerobe</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for small membrane-bound sacs that include lysosomes and endosomes?

    <p>Vesicle</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the process by which a bacterium shares genetic information with another bacterium?

    <p>Conjugation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for a bacterium that requires oxygen to survive?

    <p>Obligate aerobe</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for a specific subunit within a cell that has a specialized function?

    <p>Organelle</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for a plasmid that can integrate itself into the host bacterium's genome?

    <p>Episome</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for a bacterium that dies in the presence of oxygen and requires a non-oxygen environment to survive?

    <p>Obligate anaerobe</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of a plasmid in a bacterium?

    <p>To provide an evolutionary advantage</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of a retrovirus' reverse transcriptase?

    <p>To synthesize DNA from RNA</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the basal body in flagellum activation?

    <p>To generate the motor force for flagellum movement</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of a sex pilus?

    <p>To form conjugation bridges with other bacteria</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of a virulence factor?

    <p>To make the bacterium more pathogenic</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of the basement membrane?

    <p>To provide structural support to the epithelial cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for all the layers of the cell extending outward from the membrane?

    <p>Cell envelope</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of a tail sheath?

    <p>To inject genetic information into a bacterium</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a characteristic of retroviruses?

    <p>They are enveloped single-stranded RNA viruses</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main difference between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cell walls?

    <p>Prokaryotic cell walls are more rigid and composed of peptidoglycan</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the collection of extracellular molecules secreted by cells?

    <p>Extracellular matrix</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a characteristic of plasmids?

    <p>They are small pieces of circular DNA</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a characteristic of proviruses or prophages?

    <p>They are latent pieces of viral genome</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic of the death phase in bacterial growth?

    <p>The bacteria are quickly dying due to starvation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the outer barrier of the cell?

    <p>Cell wall</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the underlying layer of connective tissue attached to epithelial cells?

    <p>Basement membrane</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the nucleus in eukaryotic cells?

    <p>Storing genetic information and machinery</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic structure of flagella and cilia in eukaryotic cells?

    <p>9 + 2 structure, which is 9 doublets of microtubules surrounding a central doublet</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the restriction on bacterial conjugation?

    <p>F+ bacteria can only conjugate with F- bacteria</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the stationary phase in bacterial growth?

    <p>The phase where bacteria have reduced resources and can no longer grow quickly</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the stroma composed of?

    <p>Connective tissue</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is viral lysis?

    <p>When a virus kills the host cell, causing it to spill out its contents</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What kind of genetic information can viruses carry?

    <p>Any kind of genetic information</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is viral extrusion?

    <p>When a virus leaves a cell by exocytosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of connective tissue in the body?

    <p>To provide a framework for epithelial cells to function</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of the mitochondrial outer membrane?

    <p>To serve as a selective barrier between the cytosol and the inner environment of the mitochondrion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the nucleolus in the nucleus?

    <p>To synthesize ribosomal RNA (rRNA)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the correct order of taxonomy from most general to most specific?

    <p>Domain, Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, Species</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the nucleus in eukaryotic cells?

    <p>To control the cell's growth and reproduction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the hook in bacterial flagella?

    <p>To connect the filament and the basal body</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of lysosomes in the cell?

    <p>To digest foreign material and damaged organelles</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the mitochondrial matrix?

    <p>The space inside the mitochondrion's inner membrane</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the destination of the modified material after leaving the Golgi Apparatus?

    <p>Outside the cell or back to the Endoplasmic Reticulum</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the stage of bacterial growth where the bacteria are adapting to the environmental conditions?

    <p>Lag Phase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the process by which bacteriophages can spread?

    <p>Both A and B</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the structure composed of flagellin?

    <p>Bacterial flagellum filament</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the shape of Spirilli bacteria?

    <p>Long thin spirals</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to the host cell in the Lytic cycle?

    <p>It dies</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does it mean for a mitochondrion to be semiautonomous?

    <p>It can perform a couple of functions on its own independently from the cell</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic of Columnar Epithelium?

    <p>Composed of long, thin, column shaped cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of the lysogenic cycle?

    <p>To incorporate the bacteriophage into the host genome</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the stage of bacterial growth characterized by exponential growth?

    <p>Log Phase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the definition of a eukaryotic cell?

    <p>A cell that has a nucleus and membrane bound organelles</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the Golgi Apparatus?

    <p>A series of stacked membrane-bound sacs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic of a female bacterium?

    <p>It does not have a sex factor plasmid</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the shape of Cuboidal Epithelium?

    <p>Cube shaped</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic of Squamous Epithelium?

    <p>Composed of flat, scale like cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the shape of Cocci bacteria?

    <p>Small spheres</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the basal body?

    <p>To anchor the flagellum to the membrane and provide motor force</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of the basement membrane?

    <p>To anchor epithelial cells together</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the layers of the cell extending outward from the membrane?

    <p>Cell envelope</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic of the cell wall in certain eukaryotes?

    <p>It is present in plants, algae, and fungi</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the extracellular matrix?

    <p>To allow cells to associate and communicate with each other</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the stage of bacterial growth where the growth rate slows down due to depletion of resources?

    <p>Stationary phase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the cell envelope in bacteria with a cell wall and a capsule?

    <p>To include the membrane, cell wall, and capsule</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic of the death phase in bacterial growth?

    <p>Rapid death due to depletion of resources</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the Centriole in a cell?

    <p>Organizing center for the Microtubules</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the three domains of life?

    <p>Eukarya, Archaea, and Bacteria</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of Epithelial Tissue?

    <p>To provide protection against infection and dessication</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of Safranin in the Gram Stain process?

    <p>To counterstain the bacterial cell</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the three components of a bacterial flagellum?

    <p>The Filament, The Basal Body, and The Hook</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the Centriole in cell division?

    <p>To separate chromosomes during mitosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic of Gram Negative cells in the Gram Stain process?

    <p>The thin layer of peptidoglycan is washed away</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the three forms of genetic recombination seen in Bacteria?

    <p>Transformation, Transduction, and Conjugation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of connective tissue in the body?

    <p>To support the body and provide a framework for epithelial cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the mitochondrial outer membrane?

    <p>To control the movement of molecules in and out of the mitochondrion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the nucleolus in the nucleus?

    <p>To synthesize ribosomal RNA</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the correct order of taxonomy from most general to most specific?

    <p>Domain, Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, Species</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the hook in bacterial flagella?

    <p>To connect the filament and the basal body to facilitate motion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of lysosomes?

    <p>To digest foreign material and damaged organelles</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the mitochondrial matrix?

    <p>The space inside the mitochondrion's inner membrane</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the nucleus?

    <p>The control center of the cell</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of a plasmid?

    <p>To provide antibiotic resistance</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of reverse transcriptase in retroviruses?

    <p>To synthesize DNA from RNA</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic of a sex (F) factor?

    <p>It is a type of plasmid that allows bacterium to form sex pili</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of a tail sheath in a bacteriophage?

    <p>To inject genetic information into the bacterium</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic of a provirus or prophage?

    <p>It is a latent piece of viral genome that has been integrated into the host's genome</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of a mitochondrion?

    <p>To generate ATP</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of a centriole?

    <p>To provide a site for chromosome segregation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic of a virulence factor?

    <p>It is a type of plasmid that specifically makes the bacterium more pathogenic</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of a facultative anaerobe?

    <p>To switch between anaerobic and aerobic metabolism</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of a peroxisome?

    <p>To contain hydrogen peroxide</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic of a lumen?

    <p>It is the inside space of any hollow tubular structure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of a histone?

    <p>To organize DNA in the nucleus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of a flagellum?

    <p>To achieve cell movement</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of cilia?

    <p>To move materials along the cell surface</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the structure composed of nine triplets of microtubules?

    <p>Centriole</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the region of the cell where centrioles are found?

    <p>Centrosome</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a characteristic of an obligate anaerobe?

    <p>It dies in the presence of oxygen.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of an endosome?

    <p>To digest and process cellular waste and foreign substances.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is an episome?

    <p>A plasmid that can integrate itself into the host bacterium's genome.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of an organelle?

    <p>To perform specialized functions for the cell.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is an aerotolerant anaerobe?

    <p>A bacterium that cannot use oxygen in metabolism, but is not harmed by its presence.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of a vesicle?

    <p>To store and transport molecules within the cell.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the process of bacterial genetic information sharing?

    <p>Bacterial conjugation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic of an anaerobe?

    <p>It cannot use oxygen in metabolism.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the basal body in relation to the flagellum?

    <p>To generate the motor force necessary to activate the flagellum</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of the basement membrane?

    <p>To keep epithelial cells close together and cohesive</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the cell envelope composed of in bacteria with a cell wall and a capsule?

    <p>The membrane, cell wall, and capsule</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following organisms typically has a cell wall?

    <p>Most prokaryotes and some eukaryotes (plants, algae, fungi)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the extracellular matrix?

    <p>To provide structural and biochemical support to individual cells within a tissue</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic of the death phase in bacterial growth?

    <p>Rapid cell death due to starvation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of the cell wall in a cell?

    <p>To provide structural support and maintain the cell's shape</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the relationship between the cell envelope and the cell wall in bacteria without a capsule?

    <p>The cell envelope is composed of the cell membrane and the cell wall</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the stroma in an organ?

    <p>To support the parenchyma and maintain organ structure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic of the 9 + 2 structure in eukaryotic cells?

    <p>It is a characteristic of flagella and cilia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which phase of bacterial growth do the bacteria have reduced resources and can no longer grow as quickly?

    <p>Stationary phase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the outcome of viral lysis in a host cell?

    <p>The host cell spills out its contents, including the virus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of tissue is the stroma composed of?

    <p>Connective tissue</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the advantage of viral extrusion over viral lysis?

    <p>Viral extrusion allows the host cell to survive</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic of the double membrane envelope surrounding the nucleus?

    <p>It is a characteristic of eukaryotic cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the outcome of bacterial conjugation between F+ and F- bacteria?

    <p>The F+ bacteria transfers its genetic material to the F- bacteria</p> Signup and view all the answers

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