190 Questions
What is the primary function of RNA replicase in negative sense viruses?
To synthesize the complimentary RNA strand
What is the main difference between positive and negative sense viruses?
The ability to be directly translated by the host cell's ribosomes
What is the primary component of the Gram Positive cell wall?
thick layer Peptidoglycan
What is the characteristic of Gram Negative bacterial cell walls?
A thin layer of peptidoglycan and an outer membrane
How do bacteria use the Electron Transport Chain?
They use their own cell membrane to house the ETC enzymes
What is a characteristic of Eukaryotic cell walls?
They do not have peptidoglycan
What is the primary mechanism by which a lysosome digests its contents?
It fuses its membrane with a carrier and injects hydrolytic enzymes
What is the main difference between prokaryotic and eukaryotic ribosomes?
Size of the subunits
Why do cells that need a lot of energy have a high concentration of mitochondria?
To generate more energy
How does the environment in the nucleus compare to the environment in the rest of the cell?
It is separate and distinct
What is the characteristic of prokaryotic DNA?
It is circular and found in the cytosol
How do lysosomes typically interact with their targets?
Through vesicle fusion
What is the main function of the Smooth ER in terms of lipid synthesis?
Synthesis of lipids such as phospholipids and steroids
What is the role of the Cytoskeleton in the cell?
To provide shape and structure to the cell
Where are proteins synthesized into the Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum typically sent?
The Smooth ER
What is the function of the Golgi Apparatus?
To receive materials from the ER and modify them
What is the characteristic of Smooth ER that distinguishes it from Rough ER?
It has no ribosomes in its membrane
What is the path that materials take after leaving the Smooth ER?
Smooth ER to the Golgi Apparatus
What is the primary function of the nucleus in eukaryotic cells?
To store genetic information and machinery
What is the characteristic structure of flagella and cilia in eukaryotic cells?
9 + 2 structure
What is the restriction on bacterial conjugation?
F+ Bacteria can only conjugate to F- Bacteria
What is the stationary phase in bacterial growth?
The phase where bacteria have reduced resources and can no longer grow as quickly
What is the stroma composed of?
Connective tissue
What is the main difference between viral lysis and viral extrusion?
Viral lysis kills the host cell, while viral extrusion does not
Where does the modified material travel to after leaving the Golgi Apparatus?
Its intended location inside or outside the cell
What happens to the host cell in the Lytic cycle?
It is destroyed and the viruses spread to new cells
What is the purpose of the bacterial flagellum filament?
To move the bacterium
What is the result of the lysogenic cycle?
The host genome incorporates the viral DNA
What is the function of the Golgi Apparatus in the cell?
To modify and transport proteins
What occurs during the Log Phase of bacterial growth?
The bacteria grow exponentially
What is the primary function of RNA replicase in the host cell?
To synthesize a complimentary RNA strand
What is the primary difference between Gram Positive and Gram Negative cell walls?
The thickness of the peptidoglycan layer in Gram Positive bacteria
How do negative sense viruses ensure the synthesis of viral proteins?
By synthesizing a complimentary RNA strand that can be translated
What is the characteristic of positive sense viruses?
The viral genome can be directly translated into proteins
What is the function of the periplasmic space in Gram Negative bacteria?
To house the electron transport chain enzymes
What is the characteristic of the cell wall in Gram Positive bacteria?
A thick layer of peptidoglycan and lipoteichoic acid
What is the function of the cytoplasmic membrane in bacteria?
To house the electron transport chain enzymes
What is the characteristic of Eukaryotic cell walls?
The absence of peptidoglycan and lipoteichoic acid
What is the function of motor proteins like Kinesin and Dynein in relation to microtubules?
To travel along microtubules and drag vesicles with them
What characteristic do Archaea share with Eukaryotes?
Metabolic pathways
What is the optional component of a virus?
Envelope
What is the function of Centrioles during mitosis?
To exert their effects during mitosis
What is the purpose of adding Iodide in the Gram Stain process?
To bind the crystal violet and trap it in the cell
What is the characteristic of Archaea that allows them to thrive in extreme environments?
Ability to employ chemosynthesis
What is the primary component of microtubules?
Tubulin proteins
What is the stage of bacterial growth where the growth rate slows down due to depletion of resources?
Stationary Phase
What is the primary function of centrioles in a cell?
To organize microtubules during cell division
What is the characteristic of a facultative anaerobe?
It can switch between anaerobic and aerobic metabolism
What is the primary function of histones in the nucleus?
To organize DNA into chromatin structures
What is the primary function of peroxisomes in a cell?
To break down hydrogen peroxide
What is the primary function of cilia in a cell?
To move materials along the cell's surface
What is the primary function of flagella in a cell?
To propel the cell itself
What is the characteristic of a centrosome in a cell?
It is the region of the cell where the centrioles are found
What is the primary function of a mitochondrion in a cell?
To generate energy for the cell
What is the primary function of a plasmid in a bacterium?
To provide an evolutionary advantage
What is the characteristic of a retrovirus?
It carries an enzyme that synthesizes DNA from RNA
What is the function of a sex pilus?
To form conjugation bridges between bacteria
What is the function of a tail sheath?
To inject genetic information into a bacterium
What is a virulence factor?
A type of plasmid that makes a bacterium more pathogenic
What is a provirus or prophage?
A latent piece of viral genome that has been integrated into the host's genome
What is a mitochondrion?
A double-membraned organelle that generates ATP
What is a lumen?
The inside space of a hollow tubular structure
What is the primary function of the Smooth ER in terms of protein synthesis?
Packaging and transportation of proteins to the Golgi Apparatus
What is the role of the Cytoskeleton in the cell?
To provide shape and structure to the cell
What is the characteristic that distinguishes Smooth ER from Rough ER?
Absence of ribosomes
What is the purpose of the Golgi Apparatus receiving materials from the ER?
To modify materials by adding functional groups
What is the relationship between the Endoplasmic Reticulum and the nuclear envelope?
They are contiguous
What is the function of the Smooth ER in terms of lipid synthesis?
Synthesis of lipids
What is the path that materials take after leaving the Smooth ER?
To the Golgi Apparatus
What is the role of the Smooth ER in detoxification?
To detoxify certain drugs and poisons
What is the primary function of an endosome?
To digest and recycle cellular waste
Which type of anaerobe is not harmed by the presence of oxygen in the environment?
Aerotolerant anaerobe
What is the term for small membrane-bound sacs that include lysosomes and endosomes?
Vesicle
What is the process by which a bacterium shares genetic information with another bacterium?
Conjugation
What is the term for a bacterium that requires oxygen to survive?
Obligate aerobe
What is the term for a specific subunit within a cell that has a specialized function?
Organelle
What is the term for a plasmid that can integrate itself into the host bacterium's genome?
Episome
What is the term for a bacterium that dies in the presence of oxygen and requires a non-oxygen environment to survive?
Obligate anaerobe
What is the primary function of a plasmid in a bacterium?
To provide an evolutionary advantage
What is the function of a retrovirus' reverse transcriptase?
To synthesize DNA from RNA
What is the primary function of the basal body in flagellum activation?
To generate the motor force for flagellum movement
What is the function of a sex pilus?
To form conjugation bridges with other bacteria
What is the function of a virulence factor?
To make the bacterium more pathogenic
What is the main function of the basement membrane?
To provide structural support to the epithelial cells
What is the term for all the layers of the cell extending outward from the membrane?
Cell envelope
What is the function of a tail sheath?
To inject genetic information into a bacterium
What is a characteristic of retroviruses?
They are enveloped single-stranded RNA viruses
What is the main difference between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cell walls?
Prokaryotic cell walls are more rigid and composed of peptidoglycan
What is the term for the collection of extracellular molecules secreted by cells?
Extracellular matrix
What is a characteristic of plasmids?
They are small pieces of circular DNA
What is a characteristic of proviruses or prophages?
They are latent pieces of viral genome
What is the characteristic of the death phase in bacterial growth?
The bacteria are quickly dying due to starvation
What is the term for the outer barrier of the cell?
Cell wall
What is the term for the underlying layer of connective tissue attached to epithelial cells?
Basement membrane
What is the primary function of the nucleus in eukaryotic cells?
Storing genetic information and machinery
What is the characteristic structure of flagella and cilia in eukaryotic cells?
9 + 2 structure, which is 9 doublets of microtubules surrounding a central doublet
What is the restriction on bacterial conjugation?
F+ bacteria can only conjugate with F- bacteria
What is the stationary phase in bacterial growth?
The phase where bacteria have reduced resources and can no longer grow quickly
What is the stroma composed of?
Connective tissue
What is viral lysis?
When a virus kills the host cell, causing it to spill out its contents
What kind of genetic information can viruses carry?
Any kind of genetic information
What is viral extrusion?
When a virus leaves a cell by exocytosis
What is the primary function of connective tissue in the body?
To provide a framework for epithelial cells to function
What is the role of the mitochondrial outer membrane?
To serve as a selective barrier between the cytosol and the inner environment of the mitochondrion
What is the function of the nucleolus in the nucleus?
To synthesize ribosomal RNA (rRNA)
What is the correct order of taxonomy from most general to most specific?
Domain, Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, Species
What is the primary function of the nucleus in eukaryotic cells?
To control the cell's growth and reproduction
What is the function of the hook in bacterial flagella?
To connect the filament and the basal body
What is the function of lysosomes in the cell?
To digest foreign material and damaged organelles
What is the mitochondrial matrix?
The space inside the mitochondrion's inner membrane
What is the destination of the modified material after leaving the Golgi Apparatus?
Outside the cell or back to the Endoplasmic Reticulum
What is the stage of bacterial growth where the bacteria are adapting to the environmental conditions?
Lag Phase
What is the process by which bacteriophages can spread?
Both A and B
What is the structure composed of flagellin?
Bacterial flagellum filament
What is the shape of Spirilli bacteria?
Long thin spirals
What happens to the host cell in the Lytic cycle?
It dies
What does it mean for a mitochondrion to be semiautonomous?
It can perform a couple of functions on its own independently from the cell
What is the characteristic of Columnar Epithelium?
Composed of long, thin, column shaped cells
What is the purpose of the lysogenic cycle?
To incorporate the bacteriophage into the host genome
What is the stage of bacterial growth characterized by exponential growth?
Log Phase
What is the definition of a eukaryotic cell?
A cell that has a nucleus and membrane bound organelles
What is the Golgi Apparatus?
A series of stacked membrane-bound sacs
What is the characteristic of a female bacterium?
It does not have a sex factor plasmid
What is the shape of Cuboidal Epithelium?
Cube shaped
What is the characteristic of Squamous Epithelium?
Composed of flat, scale like cells
What is the shape of Cocci bacteria?
Small spheres
What is the primary function of the basal body?
To anchor the flagellum to the membrane and provide motor force
What is the main function of the basement membrane?
To anchor epithelial cells together
What is the term for the layers of the cell extending outward from the membrane?
Cell envelope
What is the characteristic of the cell wall in certain eukaryotes?
It is present in plants, algae, and fungi
What is the primary function of the extracellular matrix?
To allow cells to associate and communicate with each other
What is the term for the stage of bacterial growth where the growth rate slows down due to depletion of resources?
Stationary phase
What is the primary function of the cell envelope in bacteria with a cell wall and a capsule?
To include the membrane, cell wall, and capsule
What is the characteristic of the death phase in bacterial growth?
Rapid death due to depletion of resources
What is the function of the Centriole in a cell?
Organizing center for the Microtubules
What are the three domains of life?
Eukarya, Archaea, and Bacteria
What is the function of Epithelial Tissue?
To provide protection against infection and dessication
What is the purpose of Safranin in the Gram Stain process?
To counterstain the bacterial cell
What are the three components of a bacterial flagellum?
The Filament, The Basal Body, and The Hook
What is the function of the Centriole in cell division?
To separate chromosomes during mitosis
What is the characteristic of Gram Negative cells in the Gram Stain process?
The thin layer of peptidoglycan is washed away
What are the three forms of genetic recombination seen in Bacteria?
Transformation, Transduction, and Conjugation
What is the primary function of connective tissue in the body?
To support the body and provide a framework for epithelial cells
What is the function of the mitochondrial outer membrane?
To control the movement of molecules in and out of the mitochondrion
What is the function of the nucleolus in the nucleus?
To synthesize ribosomal RNA
What is the correct order of taxonomy from most general to most specific?
Domain, Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, Species
What is the function of the hook in bacterial flagella?
To connect the filament and the basal body to facilitate motion
What is the function of lysosomes?
To digest foreign material and damaged organelles
What is the function of the mitochondrial matrix?
The space inside the mitochondrion's inner membrane
What is the function of the nucleus?
The control center of the cell
What is the primary function of a plasmid?
To provide antibiotic resistance
What is the role of reverse transcriptase in retroviruses?
To synthesize DNA from RNA
What is the characteristic of a sex (F) factor?
It is a type of plasmid that allows bacterium to form sex pili
What is the function of a tail sheath in a bacteriophage?
To inject genetic information into the bacterium
What is the characteristic of a provirus or prophage?
It is a latent piece of viral genome that has been integrated into the host's genome
What is the primary function of a mitochondrion?
To generate ATP
What is the primary function of a centriole?
To provide a site for chromosome segregation
What is the characteristic of a virulence factor?
It is a type of plasmid that specifically makes the bacterium more pathogenic
What is the main function of a facultative anaerobe?
To switch between anaerobic and aerobic metabolism
What is the primary function of a peroxisome?
To contain hydrogen peroxide
What is the characteristic of a lumen?
It is the inside space of any hollow tubular structure
What is the primary function of a histone?
To organize DNA in the nucleus
What is the primary function of a flagellum?
To achieve cell movement
What is the primary function of cilia?
To move materials along the cell surface
What is the structure composed of nine triplets of microtubules?
Centriole
What is the region of the cell where centrioles are found?
Centrosome
What is a characteristic of an obligate anaerobe?
It dies in the presence of oxygen.
What is the function of an endosome?
To digest and process cellular waste and foreign substances.
What is an episome?
A plasmid that can integrate itself into the host bacterium's genome.
What is the primary function of an organelle?
To perform specialized functions for the cell.
What is an aerotolerant anaerobe?
A bacterium that cannot use oxygen in metabolism, but is not harmed by its presence.
What is the primary function of a vesicle?
To store and transport molecules within the cell.
What is the term for the process of bacterial genetic information sharing?
Bacterial conjugation.
What is the characteristic of an anaerobe?
It cannot use oxygen in metabolism.
What is the primary function of the basal body in relation to the flagellum?
To generate the motor force necessary to activate the flagellum
What is the main function of the basement membrane?
To keep epithelial cells close together and cohesive
What is the cell envelope composed of in bacteria with a cell wall and a capsule?
The membrane, cell wall, and capsule
Which of the following organisms typically has a cell wall?
Most prokaryotes and some eukaryotes (plants, algae, fungi)
What is the primary function of the extracellular matrix?
To provide structural and biochemical support to individual cells within a tissue
What is the characteristic of the death phase in bacterial growth?
Rapid cell death due to starvation
What is the main function of the cell wall in a cell?
To provide structural support and maintain the cell's shape
What is the relationship between the cell envelope and the cell wall in bacteria without a capsule?
The cell envelope is composed of the cell membrane and the cell wall
What is the primary function of the stroma in an organ?
To support the parenchyma and maintain organ structure
What is the characteristic of the 9 + 2 structure in eukaryotic cells?
It is a characteristic of flagella and cilia
In which phase of bacterial growth do the bacteria have reduced resources and can no longer grow as quickly?
Stationary phase
What is the outcome of viral lysis in a host cell?
The host cell spills out its contents, including the virus
What type of tissue is the stroma composed of?
Connective tissue
What is the advantage of viral extrusion over viral lysis?
Viral extrusion allows the host cell to survive
What is the characteristic of the double membrane envelope surrounding the nucleus?
It is a characteristic of eukaryotic cells
What is the outcome of bacterial conjugation between F+ and F- bacteria?
The F+ bacteria transfers its genetic material to the F- bacteria
Learn about the difference between negative and positive sense RNA viruses, including their replication mechanisms and the role of RNA replicase. Understand how they synthesize complimentary strands and produce viral proteins.
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