Virology: Negative and Positive Sense RNA Viruses

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What is the primary function of RNA replicase in negative sense viruses?

To synthesize the complimentary RNA strand (correct)

To transcribe the viral mRNA

To replicate the viral genome

To translate the viral genome directly into proteins

What is the main difference between positive and negative sense viruses?

The presence of a cell wall

The type of cells they infect

The ability to be directly translated by the host cell's ribosomes (correct)

The type of enzymes they carry

What is the primary component of the Gram Positive cell wall?

thick layer Peptidoglycan (correct)

Lipopolysaccharides

Lipoteichoic acid

thin layer Peptidoglycan

What is the characteristic of Gram Negative bacterial cell walls?

A thin layer of peptidoglycan and an outer membrane Signup and view all the answers

How do bacteria use the Electron Transport Chain?

They use their own cell membrane to house the ETC enzymes Signup and view all the answers

What is a characteristic of Eukaryotic cell walls?

They do not have peptidoglycan Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary mechanism by which a lysosome digests its contents?

It fuses its membrane with a carrier and injects hydrolytic enzymes Signup and view all the answers

What is the main difference between prokaryotic and eukaryotic ribosomes?

Size of the subunits Signup and view all the answers

Why do cells that need a lot of energy have a high concentration of mitochondria?

To generate more energy Signup and view all the answers

How does the environment in the nucleus compare to the environment in the rest of the cell?

It is separate and distinct Signup and view all the answers

What is the characteristic of prokaryotic DNA?

It is circular and found in the cytosol Signup and view all the answers

How do lysosomes typically interact with their targets?

Through vesicle fusion Signup and view all the answers

What is the main function of the Smooth ER in terms of lipid synthesis?

Synthesis of lipids such as phospholipids and steroids Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of the Cytoskeleton in the cell?

To provide shape and structure to the cell Signup and view all the answers

Where are proteins synthesized into the Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum typically sent?

The Smooth ER Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the Golgi Apparatus?

To receive materials from the ER and modify them Signup and view all the answers

What is the characteristic of Smooth ER that distinguishes it from Rough ER?

It has no ribosomes in its membrane Signup and view all the answers

What is the path that materials take after leaving the Smooth ER?

Smooth ER to the Golgi Apparatus Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the nucleus in eukaryotic cells?

To store genetic information and machinery Signup and view all the answers

What is the characteristic structure of flagella and cilia in eukaryotic cells?

9 + 2 structure Signup and view all the answers

What is the restriction on bacterial conjugation?

F+ Bacteria can only conjugate to F- Bacteria Signup and view all the answers

What is the stationary phase in bacterial growth?

The phase where bacteria have reduced resources and can no longer grow as quickly Signup and view all the answers

What is the stroma composed of?

Connective tissue Signup and view all the answers

What is the main difference between viral lysis and viral extrusion?

Viral lysis kills the host cell, while viral extrusion does not Signup and view all the answers

Where does the modified material travel to after leaving the Golgi Apparatus?

Its intended location inside or outside the cell Signup and view all the answers

What happens to the host cell in the Lytic cycle?

It is destroyed and the viruses spread to new cells Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of the bacterial flagellum filament?

To move the bacterium Signup and view all the answers

What is the result of the lysogenic cycle?

The host genome incorporates the viral DNA Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the Golgi Apparatus in the cell?

To modify and transport proteins Signup and view all the answers

What occurs during the Log Phase of bacterial growth?

The bacteria grow exponentially Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of RNA replicase in the host cell?

To synthesize a complimentary RNA strand Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary difference between Gram Positive and Gram Negative cell walls?

The thickness of the peptidoglycan layer in Gram Positive bacteria Signup and view all the answers

How do negative sense viruses ensure the synthesis of viral proteins?

By synthesizing a complimentary RNA strand that can be translated Signup and view all the answers

What is the characteristic of positive sense viruses?

The viral genome can be directly translated into proteins Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the periplasmic space in Gram Negative bacteria?

To house the electron transport chain enzymes Signup and view all the answers

What is the characteristic of the cell wall in Gram Positive bacteria?

A thick layer of peptidoglycan and lipoteichoic acid Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the cytoplasmic membrane in bacteria?

To house the electron transport chain enzymes Signup and view all the answers

What is the characteristic of Eukaryotic cell walls?

The absence of peptidoglycan and lipoteichoic acid Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of motor proteins like Kinesin and Dynein in relation to microtubules?

To travel along microtubules and drag vesicles with them Signup and view all the answers

What characteristic do Archaea share with Eukaryotes?

Metabolic pathways Signup and view all the answers

What is the optional component of a virus?

Envelope Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of Centrioles during mitosis?

To exert their effects during mitosis Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of adding Iodide in the Gram Stain process?

To bind the crystal violet and trap it in the cell Signup and view all the answers

What is the characteristic of Archaea that allows them to thrive in extreme environments?

Ability to employ chemosynthesis Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary component of microtubules?

Tubulin proteins Signup and view all the answers

What is the stage of bacterial growth where the growth rate slows down due to depletion of resources?

Stationary Phase Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of centrioles in a cell?

To organize microtubules during cell division Signup and view all the answers

What is the characteristic of a facultative anaerobe?

It can switch between anaerobic and aerobic metabolism Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of histones in the nucleus?

To organize DNA into chromatin structures Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of peroxisomes in a cell?

To break down hydrogen peroxide Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of cilia in a cell?

To move materials along the cell's surface Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of flagella in a cell?

To propel the cell itself Signup and view all the answers

What is the characteristic of a centrosome in a cell?

It is the region of the cell where the centrioles are found Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of a mitochondrion in a cell?

To generate energy for the cell Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of a plasmid in a bacterium?

To provide an evolutionary advantage Signup and view all the answers

What is the characteristic of a retrovirus?

It carries an enzyme that synthesizes DNA from RNA Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of a sex pilus?

To form conjugation bridges between bacteria Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of a tail sheath?

To inject genetic information into a bacterium Signup and view all the answers

What is a virulence factor?

A type of plasmid that makes a bacterium more pathogenic Signup and view all the answers

What is a provirus or prophage?

A latent piece of viral genome that has been integrated into the host's genome Signup and view all the answers

What is a mitochondrion?

A double-membraned organelle that generates ATP Signup and view all the answers

What is a lumen?

The inside space of a hollow tubular structure Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the Smooth ER in terms of protein synthesis?

Packaging and transportation of proteins to the Golgi Apparatus Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of the Cytoskeleton in the cell?

To provide shape and structure to the cell Signup and view all the answers

What is the characteristic that distinguishes Smooth ER from Rough ER?

Absence of ribosomes Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of the Golgi Apparatus receiving materials from the ER?

To modify materials by adding functional groups Signup and view all the answers

What is the relationship between the Endoplasmic Reticulum and the nuclear envelope?

They are contiguous Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the Smooth ER in terms of lipid synthesis?

Synthesis of lipids Signup and view all the answers

What is the path that materials take after leaving the Smooth ER?

To the Golgi Apparatus Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of the Smooth ER in detoxification?

To detoxify certain drugs and poisons Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of an endosome?

To digest and recycle cellular waste Signup and view all the answers

Which type of anaerobe is not harmed by the presence of oxygen in the environment?

Aerotolerant anaerobe Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for small membrane-bound sacs that include lysosomes and endosomes?

Vesicle Signup and view all the answers

What is the process by which a bacterium shares genetic information with another bacterium?

Conjugation Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for a bacterium that requires oxygen to survive?

Obligate aerobe Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for a specific subunit within a cell that has a specialized function?

Organelle Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for a plasmid that can integrate itself into the host bacterium's genome?

Episome Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for a bacterium that dies in the presence of oxygen and requires a non-oxygen environment to survive?

Obligate anaerobe Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of a plasmid in a bacterium?

To provide an evolutionary advantage Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of a retrovirus' reverse transcriptase?

To synthesize DNA from RNA Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the basal body in flagellum activation?

To generate the motor force for flagellum movement Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of a sex pilus?

To form conjugation bridges with other bacteria Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of a virulence factor?

To make the bacterium more pathogenic Signup and view all the answers

What is the main function of the basement membrane?

To provide structural support to the epithelial cells Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for all the layers of the cell extending outward from the membrane?

Cell envelope Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of a tail sheath?

To inject genetic information into a bacterium Signup and view all the answers

What is a characteristic of retroviruses?

They are enveloped single-stranded RNA viruses Signup and view all the answers

What is the main difference between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cell walls?

Prokaryotic cell walls are more rigid and composed of peptidoglycan Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the collection of extracellular molecules secreted by cells?

Extracellular matrix Signup and view all the answers

What is a characteristic of plasmids?

They are small pieces of circular DNA Signup and view all the answers

What is a characteristic of proviruses or prophages?

They are latent pieces of viral genome Signup and view all the answers

What is the characteristic of the death phase in bacterial growth?

The bacteria are quickly dying due to starvation Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the outer barrier of the cell?

Cell wall Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the underlying layer of connective tissue attached to epithelial cells?

Basement membrane Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the nucleus in eukaryotic cells?

Storing genetic information and machinery Signup and view all the answers

What is the characteristic structure of flagella and cilia in eukaryotic cells?

9 + 2 structure, which is 9 doublets of microtubules surrounding a central doublet Signup and view all the answers

What is the restriction on bacterial conjugation?

F+ bacteria can only conjugate with F- bacteria Signup and view all the answers

What is the stationary phase in bacterial growth?

The phase where bacteria have reduced resources and can no longer grow quickly Signup and view all the answers

What is the stroma composed of?

Connective tissue Signup and view all the answers

What is viral lysis?

When a virus kills the host cell, causing it to spill out its contents Signup and view all the answers

What kind of genetic information can viruses carry?

Any kind of genetic information Signup and view all the answers

What is viral extrusion?

When a virus leaves a cell by exocytosis Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of connective tissue in the body?

To provide a framework for epithelial cells to function Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of the mitochondrial outer membrane?

To serve as a selective barrier between the cytosol and the inner environment of the mitochondrion Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the nucleolus in the nucleus?

To synthesize ribosomal RNA (rRNA) Signup and view all the answers

What is the correct order of taxonomy from most general to most specific?

Domain, Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, Species Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the nucleus in eukaryotic cells?

To control the cell's growth and reproduction Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the hook in bacterial flagella?

To connect the filament and the basal body Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of lysosomes in the cell?

To digest foreign material and damaged organelles Signup and view all the answers

What is the mitochondrial matrix?

The space inside the mitochondrion's inner membrane Signup and view all the answers

What is the destination of the modified material after leaving the Golgi Apparatus?

Outside the cell or back to the Endoplasmic Reticulum Signup and view all the answers

What is the stage of bacterial growth where the bacteria are adapting to the environmental conditions?

Lag Phase Signup and view all the answers

What is the process by which bacteriophages can spread?

Both A and B Signup and view all the answers

What is the structure composed of flagellin?

Bacterial flagellum filament Signup and view all the answers

What is the shape of Spirilli bacteria?

Long thin spirals Signup and view all the answers

What happens to the host cell in the Lytic cycle?

It dies Signup and view all the answers

What does it mean for a mitochondrion to be semiautonomous?

It can perform a couple of functions on its own independently from the cell Signup and view all the answers

What is the characteristic of Columnar Epithelium?

Composed of long, thin, column shaped cells Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of the lysogenic cycle?

To incorporate the bacteriophage into the host genome Signup and view all the answers

What is the stage of bacterial growth characterized by exponential growth?

Log Phase Signup and view all the answers

What is the definition of a eukaryotic cell?

A cell that has a nucleus and membrane bound organelles Signup and view all the answers

What is the Golgi Apparatus?

A series of stacked membrane-bound sacs Signup and view all the answers

What is the characteristic of a female bacterium?

It does not have a sex factor plasmid Signup and view all the answers

What is the shape of Cuboidal Epithelium?

Cube shaped Signup and view all the answers

What is the characteristic of Squamous Epithelium?

Composed of flat, scale like cells Signup and view all the answers

What is the shape of Cocci bacteria?

Small spheres Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the basal body?

To anchor the flagellum to the membrane and provide motor force Signup and view all the answers

What is the main function of the basement membrane?

To anchor epithelial cells together Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the layers of the cell extending outward from the membrane?

Cell envelope Signup and view all the answers

What is the characteristic of the cell wall in certain eukaryotes?

It is present in plants, algae, and fungi Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the extracellular matrix?

To allow cells to associate and communicate with each other Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the stage of bacterial growth where the growth rate slows down due to depletion of resources?

Stationary phase Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the cell envelope in bacteria with a cell wall and a capsule?

To include the membrane, cell wall, and capsule Signup and view all the answers

What is the characteristic of the death phase in bacterial growth?

Rapid death due to depletion of resources Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the Centriole in a cell?

Organizing center for the Microtubules Signup and view all the answers

What are the three domains of life?

Eukarya, Archaea, and Bacteria Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of Epithelial Tissue?

To provide protection against infection and dessication Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of Safranin in the Gram Stain process?

To counterstain the bacterial cell Signup and view all the answers

What are the three components of a bacterial flagellum?

The Filament, The Basal Body, and The Hook Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the Centriole in cell division?

To separate chromosomes during mitosis Signup and view all the answers

What is the characteristic of Gram Negative cells in the Gram Stain process?

The thin layer of peptidoglycan is washed away Signup and view all the answers

What are the three forms of genetic recombination seen in Bacteria?

Transformation, Transduction, and Conjugation Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of connective tissue in the body?

To support the body and provide a framework for epithelial cells Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the mitochondrial outer membrane?

To control the movement of molecules in and out of the mitochondrion Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the nucleolus in the nucleus?

To synthesize ribosomal RNA Signup and view all the answers

What is the correct order of taxonomy from most general to most specific?

Domain, Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, Species Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the hook in bacterial flagella?

To connect the filament and the basal body to facilitate motion Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of lysosomes?

To digest foreign material and damaged organelles Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the mitochondrial matrix?

The space inside the mitochondrion's inner membrane Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the nucleus?

The control center of the cell Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of a plasmid?

To provide antibiotic resistance Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of reverse transcriptase in retroviruses?

To synthesize DNA from RNA Signup and view all the answers

What is the characteristic of a sex (F) factor?

It is a type of plasmid that allows bacterium to form sex pili Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of a tail sheath in a bacteriophage?

To inject genetic information into the bacterium Signup and view all the answers

What is the characteristic of a provirus or prophage?

It is a latent piece of viral genome that has been integrated into the host's genome Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of a mitochondrion?

To generate ATP Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of a centriole?

To provide a site for chromosome segregation Signup and view all the answers

What is the characteristic of a virulence factor?

It is a type of plasmid that specifically makes the bacterium more pathogenic Signup and view all the answers

What is the main function of a facultative anaerobe?

To switch between anaerobic and aerobic metabolism Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of a peroxisome?

To contain hydrogen peroxide Signup and view all the answers

What is the characteristic of a lumen?

It is the inside space of any hollow tubular structure Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of a histone?

To organize DNA in the nucleus Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of a flagellum?

To achieve cell movement Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of cilia?

To move materials along the cell surface Signup and view all the answers

What is the structure composed of nine triplets of microtubules?

Centriole Signup and view all the answers

What is the region of the cell where centrioles are found?

Centrosome Signup and view all the answers

What is a characteristic of an obligate anaerobe?

It dies in the presence of oxygen. Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of an endosome?

To digest and process cellular waste and foreign substances. Signup and view all the answers

What is an episome?

A plasmid that can integrate itself into the host bacterium's genome. Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of an organelle?

To perform specialized functions for the cell. Signup and view all the answers

What is an aerotolerant anaerobe?

A bacterium that cannot use oxygen in metabolism, but is not harmed by its presence. Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of a vesicle?

To store and transport molecules within the cell. Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the process of bacterial genetic information sharing?

Bacterial conjugation. Signup and view all the answers

What is the characteristic of an anaerobe?

It cannot use oxygen in metabolism. Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the basal body in relation to the flagellum?

To generate the motor force necessary to activate the flagellum Signup and view all the answers

What is the main function of the basement membrane?

To keep epithelial cells close together and cohesive Signup and view all the answers

What is the cell envelope composed of in bacteria with a cell wall and a capsule?

The membrane, cell wall, and capsule Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following organisms typically has a cell wall?

Most prokaryotes and some eukaryotes (plants, algae, fungi) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the extracellular matrix?

To provide structural and biochemical support to individual cells within a tissue Signup and view all the answers

What is the characteristic of the death phase in bacterial growth?

Rapid cell death due to starvation Signup and view all the answers

What is the main function of the cell wall in a cell?

To provide structural support and maintain the cell's shape Signup and view all the answers

What is the relationship between the cell envelope and the cell wall in bacteria without a capsule?

The cell envelope is composed of the cell membrane and the cell wall Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the stroma in an organ?

To support the parenchyma and maintain organ structure Signup and view all the answers

What is the characteristic of the 9 + 2 structure in eukaryotic cells?

It is a characteristic of flagella and cilia Signup and view all the answers

In which phase of bacterial growth do the bacteria have reduced resources and can no longer grow as quickly?

Stationary phase Signup and view all the answers

What is the outcome of viral lysis in a host cell?

The host cell spills out its contents, including the virus Signup and view all the answers

What type of tissue is the stroma composed of?

Connective tissue Signup and view all the answers

What is the advantage of viral extrusion over viral lysis?

Viral extrusion allows the host cell to survive Signup and view all the answers

What is the characteristic of the double membrane envelope surrounding the nucleus?

It is a characteristic of eukaryotic cells Signup and view all the answers

What is the outcome of bacterial conjugation between F+ and F- bacteria?

The F+ bacteria transfers its genetic material to the F- bacteria Signup and view all the answers

Virology: Negative and Positive Sense RNA Viruses

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Questions and Answers

What is the primary function of RNA replicase in negative sense viruses?

What is the main difference between positive and negative sense viruses?

What is the primary component of the Gram Positive cell wall?

What is the characteristic of Gram Negative bacterial cell walls?

How do bacteria use the Electron Transport Chain?

What is a characteristic of Eukaryotic cell walls?

What is the primary mechanism by which a lysosome digests its contents?

What is the main difference between prokaryotic and eukaryotic ribosomes?

Why do cells that need a lot of energy have a high concentration of mitochondria?

How does the environment in the nucleus compare to the environment in the rest of the cell?

What is the characteristic of prokaryotic DNA?

How do lysosomes typically interact with their targets?

What is the main function of the Smooth ER in terms of lipid synthesis?

What is the role of the Cytoskeleton in the cell?

Where are proteins synthesized into the Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum typically sent?

What is the function of the Golgi Apparatus?

What is the characteristic of Smooth ER that distinguishes it from Rough ER?

What is the path that materials take after leaving the Smooth ER?

What is the primary function of the nucleus in eukaryotic cells?

What is the characteristic structure of flagella and cilia in eukaryotic cells?

What is the restriction on bacterial conjugation?

What is the stationary phase in bacterial growth?

What is the stroma composed of?

What is the main difference between viral lysis and viral extrusion?

Where does the modified material travel to after leaving the Golgi Apparatus?

What happens to the host cell in the Lytic cycle?

What is the purpose of the bacterial flagellum filament?

What is the result of the lysogenic cycle?

What is the function of the Golgi Apparatus in the cell?

What occurs during the Log Phase of bacterial growth?

What is the primary function of RNA replicase in the host cell?

What is the primary difference between Gram Positive and Gram Negative cell walls?

How do negative sense viruses ensure the synthesis of viral proteins?

What is the characteristic of positive sense viruses?

What is the function of the periplasmic space in Gram Negative bacteria?

What is the characteristic of the cell wall in Gram Positive bacteria?

What is the function of the cytoplasmic membrane in bacteria?

What is the characteristic of Eukaryotic cell walls?

What is the function of motor proteins like Kinesin and Dynein in relation to microtubules?

What characteristic do Archaea share with Eukaryotes?

What is the optional component of a virus?

What is the function of Centrioles during mitosis?

What is the purpose of adding Iodide in the Gram Stain process?

What is the characteristic of Archaea that allows them to thrive in extreme environments?

What is the primary component of microtubules?

What is the stage of bacterial growth where the growth rate slows down due to depletion of resources?

What is the primary function of centrioles in a cell?

What is the characteristic of a facultative anaerobe?

What is the primary function of histones in the nucleus?

What is the primary function of peroxisomes in a cell?

What is the primary function of cilia in a cell?

What is the primary function of flagella in a cell?

What is the characteristic of a centrosome in a cell?

What is the primary function of a mitochondrion in a cell?

What is the primary function of a plasmid in a bacterium?

What is the characteristic of a retrovirus?

What is the function of a sex pilus?

What is the function of a tail sheath?

What is a virulence factor?

What is a provirus or prophage?

What is a mitochondrion?

What is a lumen?

What is the primary function of the Smooth ER in terms of protein synthesis?

What is the role of the Cytoskeleton in the cell?

What is the characteristic that distinguishes Smooth ER from Rough ER?

What is the purpose of the Golgi Apparatus receiving materials from the ER?

What is the relationship between the Endoplasmic Reticulum and the nuclear envelope?

What is the function of the Smooth ER in terms of lipid synthesis?

What is the path that materials take after leaving the Smooth ER?

What is the role of the Smooth ER in detoxification?

What is the primary function of an endosome?

Which type of anaerobe is not harmed by the presence of oxygen in the environment?

What is the term for small membrane-bound sacs that include lysosomes and endosomes?

What is the process by which a bacterium shares genetic information with another bacterium?

What is the term for a bacterium that requires oxygen to survive?

What is the term for a specific subunit within a cell that has a specialized function?