Virology and Infections Quiz

A positive-sense, single-stranded RNA virus that is highly resistant to detergents, drying, and acidic environments. It is spread primarily through the fecal-oral route, often through contaminated food or water.

A group of enveloped viruses with segmented negative-sense RNA genomes. The three main types are Influenza A, B, and C, with only A and B causing human infections. This segmented genome allows for rapid evolution through mutations (drift) and reassortment (shift), leading to annual epidemics and occasional pandemics.

A type of influenza virus that can cause pandemics. It's characterized by its ability to reassort its genetic material, leading to potentially highly contagious and deadly strains.

A large, complex virus with a segmented genome that allows for rapid evolution through mutations and reassortment, leading to annual epidemics and occasional pandemics.

An influenza virus that is less severe than influenza A. Still causes seasonal outbreaks, but pandemics are less common.

A viral respiratory infection characterized by fever, chills, muscle aches, cough, sore throat, and fatigue. Children often experience a higher fever and gastrointestinal symptoms.

A serious complication of influenza infection that can be caused by bacteria, viruses, or a combination of both. It is characterized by inflammation of the lungs and can lead to respiratory failure.

A complication of influenza infection that is caused by bacteria entering the lungs after the initial viral infection. It can be life-threatening, especially in individuals with weakened immune systems.

An antiviral medication that inhibits the uncoating of influenza A virus, preventing it from entering and replicating in cells.

Antiviral medications that block the neuraminidase enzyme, preventing the release of new influenza viruses from infected cells, hindering the spread of infection.

A vaccine containing hemagglutinin (H) and neuraminidase (N) antigens from three influenza virus strains. It aims to prepare the immune system to fight off the flu virus.

One of the five classic childhood exanthems, characterized by a maculopapular rash, cough, conjunctivitis, coryza, photophobia, and Koplik spots. Complications include otitis media, croup, bronchopneumonia, and encephalitis.

A severe complication of measles that affects the brain and can cause neurological damage. It can occur years after the initial measles infection.

A group of viruses that includes BK, JC, and SV40. They are acquired through the respiratory route and typically cause asymptomatic infections. These viruses establish latent infections, which can reactivate in individuals with weakened immune systems, leading to serious conditions like progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (PML).

A serious brain infection caused by the reactivation of JC virus, particularly in individuals with weakened immune systems, such as those with AIDS. The virus affects the brain's white matter, leading to neurological symptoms like speech, vision, and coordination problems. PML typically results in death within 1 to 4 months.

A type of viral DNA that is not enclosed within a membrane. Adenoviruses are known for causing respiratory infections and other diseases in infants, children, and immunocompromised individuals.

These infections are characterized by the destruction of infected cells, often seen in mucosal epithelial cells. Adenoviruses commonly cause lytic infections in the respiratory tract.

These infections occur when the virus remains dormant within the host's cells, without causing immediate harm. Adenoviruses can establish latent infections in lymphoid and adenoid cells in the body.

A family of enveloped DNA viruses with three subfamilies: alphaherpesviruses, betaherpesviruses, and gammaherpesviruses. They are known for establishing latent or persistent infections following primary infection.

The subfamily of herpesviruses that includes HHV1, HHV2, and HHV3. They are responsible for conditions like chickenpox (HHV3), shingles (HHV3), cold sores (HHV1), and genital herpes (HHV2).

The subfamily of herpesviruses that includes HHV5, HHV6, and HHV7. They are associated with diseases like cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection (HHV5), roseola (HHV6), and HHV7, which is rarely associated with disease.

Viral infection causing bronchiolitis and pneumonia in infants, characterized by fever, cough, difficulty breathing, and bluish skin.

A highly contagious virus forming mucus plugs in the airways, potentially causing death in infants by blocking airflow.

A bullet-shaped virus with a single-stranded RNA genome, most notably known for causing rabies.

The rabies virus causes a range of symptoms from mild fever and headache to paralysis and coma, ultimately leading to death.

A group of filamentous viruses with single-stranded RNA genomes, responsible for deadly hemorrhagic fevers like Ebola and Marburg.

Filoviruses target and replicate within specific cells of the immune system, such as monocytes, macrophages, and dendritic cells, disrupting the body's defense.

The initial stages of rabies, characterized by nonspecific symptoms such as fever, nausea, vomiting, headache, and fatigue.

The neurological stage of rabies, characterized by distinctive symptoms like fear of water (hydrophobia) and excessive excitement or agitation.

Opportunistic infection common in late-stage HIV (CD4 count < 200 cells/µL), caused by a fungus that infects the lungs, leading to pneumonia.

Opportunistic infection common in late-stage HIV (CD4 count < 200 cells/µL), caused by a parasite that infects the brain, leading to encephalitis.

Opportunistic infection that can occur in late-stage HIV (CD4 count < 200 cells/µL), affecting the eyes, causing inflammation and vision loss. It often occurs in individuals with weakened immune systems.

Opportunistic infection that can occur in late-stage HIV (CD4 count < 50 cells/µL), affecting the brain and causing meningitis and encephalitis. It often occurs in individuals with severely weakened immune systems.

A type of HIV treatment using a combination of drugs to suppress the virus's replication. This highly effective approach can significantly improve the quality of life and longevity of individuals living with HIV.

A class of HIV drugs that inhibit the enzyme reverse transcriptase, preventing HIV from converting its RNA into DNA.

A class of HIV drugs that directly bind to the reverse transcriptase enzyme, interfering with its function and preventing HIV from making new copies of itself.

A class of HIV drugs that block the activity of HIV protease, an enzyme essential for assembling new viruses. By inhibiting this enzyme, protease inhibitors prevent the production of new viruses.

A group of non-enveloped viruses that are characterized by a double-layered protein capsid and a double-stranded RNA genome. They are known for causing various diseases, including diarrhea in children, primarily through the rotavirus.

A highly contagious virus that is the most common cause of severe diarrhea in young children. It spreads through the fecal-oral route and infects the epithelial cells of the small intestine, leading to electrolyte loss and dehydration.

A group of enveloped viruses with a single-stranded RNA genome. They are characterized by their positive sense, meaning their RNA can be directly translated into proteins.

An important genus within the Togaviridae family, known for causing various diseases transmitted by arthropods (insects). They are characterized by their ability to establish systemic infection and viremia.

The virus responsible for Rubella (German Measles), a classic childhood exanthem. It enters the body through the respiratory tract, then progresses to lymph nodes, and finally causes viremia.

A significant genus within the Flaviviridae family, known for causing various diseases transmitted by arthropods (insects). Like Alphaviruses, they spread through bites and cause systemic infection.

Viruses transmitted by arthropods (insects) and known to cause various diseases including dengue fever, yellow fever, Japanese encephalitis, chikungunya, and Zika.

A serious disease transmitted by the Aedes mosquito, causing flu-like symptoms, hepatitis, hemorrhage, and shock. It can lead to severe complications or even death if left untreated.

A severe disease transmitted by the Aedes mosquito, causing flu-like symptoms, hepatitis, hemorrhage, and shock. There is a live vaccine available for protection against this dangerous virus.

A viral infection transmitted by the Aedes mosquito, known for causing flu-like symptoms, hepatitis, and occasionally shock. It can also lead to hemorrhage and neurological complications.