Virologia: Proprietates e Structura Viral
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Questions and Answers

Quale characteristicas defini viruses como 'agentes filtrabile'?

  • Lor facultate de metabolizar nutrientes externe al cellula hospite.
  • Lor natura obligate intracellular e lor dimension micre. (correct)
  • Lor capacitate de replicar se independentemente intra cellulas.
  • Lor relative grande dimension, faciente los facilemente retenite per filtros.

Que significa le expression 'parasitos intracellular obligate' in relation a viruses?

  • Que viruses pote metabolizar independentemente nutrientes in le cellula.
  • Que viruses pote replicar se solmente in le exterior de cellulas vivente.
  • Que viruses evita sempre le penetration de cellulas pro replicar se.
  • Que viruses necessita absolute un hospite cellular pro replicar se. (correct)

Perque viruses non es considerate organismos vivente in le senso traditional?

  • Proque illos es troppo grande pro passar per filtros.
  • Proque illos manca le machineria necessari pro replication autonome. (correct)
  • Proque illos pote replicar se independentemente del metabolismo cellular.
  • Proque illos sempre destrue le cellula hospite immediate post infection.

Qual function primordial executa le viruses?

<p>Replicar lor proprie material genetic intra un cellula hospite. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Si un agente es descrite como capace de passar trans filtros que retene bacterios, que conclusion pote esser trahite concernente su dimension?

<p>Illo debe esser significantemente plus micre que le majoritate de bacterios. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Qual es le consequentia le plus probabile de un virion plus grande super un virion plus parve?

<p>Un genoma plus grande e plus complexe. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Qual del sequente viruses es classificate como un membro del familia Picornaviridae?

<p>Virus de Hepatitis A (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Qual es le rolo primari del capsida in un virion?

<p>Protege le genoma de acido nucleic. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Quales structuras es obligatori pro omne viriones?

<p>Capsida e genoma de acido nucleic. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Por que le parvovirus causa specialmente problemas in infantes con anemia falciforme?

<p>Illo attacca le precursores de globulos rubie, exacerbar anemia. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Qual characteristica permitte a certe viruses incorporar enzymas essential intra lor capsida?

<p>Pro initier le replication intra le cellula plus efficacemente. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Qual familia de virus include le Virus de Norwalk?

<p>Caliciviridae (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Qual es le unitate de mesura utilisate typicamente pro mesurar le dimensiones del virion?

<p>Nanometros (nm) (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Qual processo distingue le reproduction viral ab le fission binari?

<p>Le assemblage de componentes individual. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Qual del sequente familias de virus de DNA contine membros associate con cancere human?

<p>Hepadnaviridae (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Qual del sequente characteristicas NON es usate pro classificar viruses?

<p>Structura del proteina (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Si un nove virus es discoperite que infecta le tracto respiratori e es transmitte via aerosoles, a qual gruppo de viruses esserea le plus logicmente assignate?

<p>Respiratori (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Qual es le implication del facto que viruses debe depender del machineria biochimic del hospite pro replication?

<p>Illos require intrare in cellulas vivente pro reproducer se. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Quante familias de virus de RNA es recognoscite pro esser associate con morbo human, de accordo con le contento?

<p>13 (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Qual characteristica structural distingue un virus 'nude' ab un virus envelopate?

<p>Le absentia de un membrana lipidic externe derivate del hospite. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Qual es un consequentia directe del alte rata de mutation in viruses, particularmente virus de RNA?

<p>Disveloppamento rapide de resistentia al drogas antiviral. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Como contribue le classification de viruses al studio de epidemiologia viral e al disveloppamento de prophylaxes?

<p>Illo adjuta in comprender le patronos e vectores de transmission. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Qual es le principal differentia inter le maniera que virus de DNA e virus de RNA replica se intra le cellula hospite?

<p>Virus de RNA replica in le cytoplasma, durante que virus de DNA replica in le nucleo. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Qual del sequente characteristicas es plus verisimilemente associate con viruses con capsides que viruses con envelopas?

<p>Transmission via le route fecal-oral. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Quante differente segmentos es necessari que illos crea recombinant viruses?

<p>Differente segmentos. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Qual function ha le proteina de adhesion viral (VAP) in le cyclo de infection viral?

<p>Media le interaction del virus con le cellula objectivo. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Que indica le classification de Baltimore concernente le structura e replication del genoma viral?

<p>Le methodo que le virus utilisa pro transcribir mRNA. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Qual characteristicas structural permitte a un capsida viral mantener se in conditiones environmental dur?

<p>Un structura rigide componite de sub-unitates proteic que es resistente al siccation, acido e detergentias. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Qual es le implication de un virus de ARN de senso negative (-) haber un genoma que es complementar al ARNm?

<p>Es debe esser transcribite in ARNm de senso positive (+) ante que pote haber un traduction. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Perque disruption del envelopa viral generalmente inactive le virus?

<p>Perque le envelopa es essential pro le attachamento al cellula hospite e ingresso. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Como pote le anticorpores generate contra componentes de structuras superficial de viruses prevenir infection viral?

<p>Blocar le attachamento del virus al cellula hospite. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Qual structura viral es construite ex sub-unitates proteic aggregante in unitates progressively plus grande (sub-unitates, protomeros, capsomeros)?

<p>Capsida. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Qual del sequente es un characteristic de viruses que possessiona un envelopa?

<p>Es pote solmente esser mantenite in solutiones aquose. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Que significa que un virus ha un genoma de ARN de 'senso positive (+)'?

<p>Le ARN pote agir directemente como ARNm e esser traducite in proteinas. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Qual es le rolo del transcriptase inverse in certe viruses?

<p>Illo transscribe ADN ab un modello de ARN. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Que determina si virus forma structuras symmetric o non-symmetric?

<p>Le arrangemento e interactiones del sub-unitates proteic que compone le capsida. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Qual es un characteristica distinctive del envelopa viral?

<p>Es derivo ex membranas cellular e include lipides, proteinas e glycoproteinas. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Como le structura de un virus dicta su methodo de transmission?

<p>Virus non-enveloppate plus robuste pote supervivir trans long peridios. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Agentes filtrables

Virusos descritos como agentes que possono passar per filtros.

Parasitas intracellulares

Virusos que necessitan viver dentro de cellulas.

Replication viral

Processo que permite un virus multiplicar se in un cellula.

Virus

Particulas biologicas con un genoma que infecta organismos.

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Obligato

Qualcosa necessaria pro un evento, como la vida de un virus.

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Cell

A basic unit of life that relies on a host's machinery for replication.

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Virus Replication

Viruses reproduce by assembling their components rather than binary fission.

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Naked Virus

A type of virus without a lipid envelope, consisting only of nucleic acid and protein.

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Virus Classification

Viruses are classified based on characteristics like disease association and genetic material.

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Vector

An organism that transmits a virus from one host to another, often arthropods.

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DNA Viruses

Viruses with DNA genomes, divided into 7 families associated with human diseases.

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RNA Viruses

Viruses with RNA genomes, divided into at least 13 families based on physiological traits.

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Poxviridae

A family of DNA viruses that includes smallpox and vaccinia viruses.

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Retroviridae

A family of RNA viruses including HIV that replicate by reverse transcription.

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Coronaviridae

A family of RNA viruses including those that cause SARS and COVID-19.

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Virion

Un virus particula, incluyendo nucleo acido e capside.

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Nucleo acido

Il materiale genetico del virus, poteva esser RNA o DNA.

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Capside

Coat de protein que protege il nucleo acido in un virion.

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Envelope

Membrane lipid bilayer que circumfere le capsid in certan virus.

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Dimensiones de virion

Le grande de virus mesurate in nanometrus (nm), tipicamente 18-300 nm.

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Complexitate de virion

Le complexitate del virion es ligate a su grande e le numero de proteinas encode.

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Parvovirus

Un virus que attacca le precursore de cellulas sanguine, importante pro anemias.

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Zika virus

Un virus transmitte per insectos, associato con anomalias congential.

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Viral Genome

Genetic material of a virus, can be DNA or RNA.

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Double Stranded RNA

A type of viral RNA that consists of two complementary strands.

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Positive Sense RNA

RNA that can be directly translated into proteins by the host cell.

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Viral Attachment Protein (VAP)

Protein that helps virus attach to host cells.

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Icosahedral

A symmetrical virus shape with 20 triangular faces.

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Nonsymmetric Virus

Viruses with complex structures, often seen in phages.

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Enveloped Virus

Virus surrounded by a lipid membrane derived from host cells.

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Capsomeres

Subunits that make up a viral capsid.

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RNA Dependent RNA Polymerase (RDRP)

Enzyme that synthesizes RNA from an RNA template.

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Viral Envelope

Membrane structure composed of lipids and proteins surrounding some viruses.

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Helical Structure

A rod-like shape of certain viruses.

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Recombinant Viruses

Viruses formed by combining genetic material from different sources.

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Surface Spike Proteins

Proteins on the virus surface used for attachment and entry into host cells.

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Segmentation

Division of viral genetic material into several segments.

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Study Notes

Viral Classification, Structure, and Replication

  • Viruses are filterable agents, obligate intracellular parasites, depending on the host's biochemical machinery for reproduction.
  • Reproduction happens via assembly of individual components, rather than binary fission.
  • Viruses are composed of nucleic acid (genetic material), proteins, and sometimes membranes (envelopes).
  • Viral physical structures and genetics are optimized for infection of specific hosts through mutation and selection.

Viral Classification

  • Viral names might describe viral characteristics or associated diseases (e.g., picornavirus, poxviruses).
  • Classification is based on characteristics like disease, target tissue, and transmission route. (e.g., hepatitis, enteric, respiratory). Vectors play a role in transmission. Some viruses are categorized as arboviruses.
  • Viruses can be categorized by geographic or tissue localization of their first identification, like Norwalk virus.

Viral Classification - Families of DNA Viruses

  • Poxviridae - examples are smallpox, vaccinia, monkeypox viruses.
  • Herpesviridae - examples like herpes simplex viruses, varicella-zoster, Epstein-Barr, cytomegaloviruses, and human herpesviruses 6, 7, and 8.
  • Adenoviridae - like the adenoviruses.
  • Hepadnaviridae - an example is hepatitis B virus.
  • Papillomaviridae - examples are papilloma viruses.
  • Polyomaviridae - examples are JCV, BK virus, and SV40.
  • Parvoviridae - example is Parvovirus B19, adeno-associated virus.

Viral Classification - Families of RNA Viruses

  • List of families and representative viruses are included. (Specific examples are listed but too numerous to restate)

Virion Structure

  • Virion size ranges from 18 nanometers (parvoviruses) to 300 nanometers (poxviruses). Larger virions typically have more complex structures and encode more protein.
  • Virions are composed of a nucleic acid (DNA or RNA), a protein coat (capsid), and in some cases, an envelope.
  • The nucleic acid carries the genetic information.
  • Icosahedral and helical symmetry are common capsid structures.
  • Virion structure includes features like envelope (membrane) composition and arrangement.

Viral Genome

  • Viral genomes can be DNA or RNA, single-stranded or double-stranded, linear or circular.
  • RNA can be positive-sense (like mRNA), negative-sense (complement to mRNA), or double-stranded.
  • Genomes can be segmented leading to potential for recombinant viruses.

Baltimore Classification

  • Classification of viruses based on their genetic material and method of replication.

Viral Attachment and Entry

  • Viral surface structures (capsid and envelope) interact with target cells via viral attachment proteins.
  • Disruption or removal of these structures prevents viral infection and can be accomplished by antibodies as well as other mechanisms.

Viral Capsid

  • The capsid is assembled from individual protein subunits leading to progressively larger units.

Virion Morphology

  • Viral shape describes their structural characteristics - including their symmetry (or lack thereof)

Viral Target Cells

  • Some viruses infect specific kinds of cells, (e.g., epithelial cells, helper T-cells, neurons.)
  • Specific receptors on host cell surfaces mediate viral entry.

Viral Envelopes

  • Enveloped viruses have an envelope composed of lipids, proteins, and glycoproteins within cellular membrane.
  • These envelopes are susceptible to harsh conditions.
  • Enveloped viruses are typically susceptible to harsh environmental conditions and harsh treatments including drying, acid, and detergents.

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Viral Classification, Structure, and Replication - Chapter 44 PDF

Description

Explora le characteristicas clave de viruses, lor rolo como parasitos intracellular obligate e lor structura unic. Comprende le functiones del capsida e le differentias inter diverse familias de ভাইরাস. Examina le implicationes de dimension viral e le impacto de ভাইরাস specific super le sanitate human.

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