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Questions and Answers
What is the most abundant biological entity in aquatic environments?
What is the most abundant biological entity in aquatic environments?
What is the most important mechanism of recycling carbon in the marine environment?
What is the most important mechanism of recycling carbon in the marine environment?
What is the typical size of the smallest viruses?
What is the typical size of the smallest viruses?
Which virus has the largest genome size of any known viral genus?
Which virus has the largest genome size of any known viral genus?
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What surrounds the nucleic acid in a virus?
What surrounds the nucleic acid in a virus?
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What percentage of the marine biomass do viruses kill each day?
What percentage of the marine biomass do viruses kill each day?
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Which organism constitutes more than 90% of the biomass in the sea?
Which organism constitutes more than 90% of the biomass in the sea?
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What type of virus do most viruses in aquatic environments belong to?
What type of virus do most viruses in aquatic environments belong to?
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What is the typical size of human cells?
What is the typical size of human cells?
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What is the primary composition of a Pandoravirus genome?
What is the primary composition of a Pandoravirus genome?
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What is the mechanism of release for enveloped viruses?
What is the mechanism of release for enveloped viruses?
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How do bacteriophages infect bacteria?
How do bacteriophages infect bacteria?
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What is the genetic material of viroids?
What is the genetic material of viroids?
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What is the primary mechanism of replication for prions?
What is the primary mechanism of replication for prions?
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What is the primary mode of replication for retroviruses?
What is the primary mode of replication for retroviruses?
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How does Hepatitis Delta virus differ from other viruses?
How does Hepatitis Delta virus differ from other viruses?
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What distinguishes prions from viruses?
What distinguishes prions from viruses?
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How do naked viruses accumulate in the cytoplasm before release?
How do naked viruses accumulate in the cytoplasm before release?
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What is the primary mode of release for bacteriophages?
What is the primary mode of release for bacteriophages?
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How do retroviruses integrate their genetic material into the host cell?
How do retroviruses integrate their genetic material into the host cell?
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Which type of viruses include HIV and Influenza?
Which type of viruses include HIV and Influenza?
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Where are the envelope proteins of viruses derived from?
Where are the envelope proteins of viruses derived from?
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Which classification system includes DNA and RNA viruses with specific enzymes and tropism for host tissues?
Which classification system includes DNA and RNA viruses with specific enzymes and tropism for host tissues?
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Where do DNA viruses primarily replicate?
Where do DNA viruses primarily replicate?
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What is the primary difference between enveloped and naked viruses?
What is the primary difference between enveloped and naked viruses?
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Which family of DNA viruses infects humans?
Which family of DNA viruses infects humans?
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Study Notes
Overview of Viral Structure and Classification
- Viruses are mostly found in marine environments and infect amoebae.
- They can have DNA or RNA, single or double-stranded, and are enclosed in a protein coat, with some having a lipid envelope.
- Viral capsids can have icosahedral or helical structures, and some viruses have complex structures.
- Enveloped viruses include HIV and Influenza, while Poxviruses infect humans, Geminiviruses infect plants, and Bacteriophages infect bacteria.
- Envelope proteins are derived from the host cell's membrane, while attachment proteins are embedded in the outer layer of the virus.
- Viruses can be naked or enveloped, with genomes composed of DNA or RNA, varying in size and arrangement, and classified by ICTV and Baltimore classifications.
- Baltimore classification of animal viruses includes DNA and RNA viruses, with specific enzymes and tropism for host tissues.
- Human DNA viruses include Herpesviridae, Hepadnaviridae, Papillomaviridae, and Adenoviridae, while RNA viruses include Coronaviridae, Flaviviridae, and Picornaviridae.
- Viral replication occurs in a host cell, with the virus using the host's energy and machinery and the ability to produce mRNA.
- The viral replication cycle includes adsorption, penetration, uncoating, replication, assembly, maturation, and release from the cell.
- Replication processes vary for different types of viruses, such as DNA viruses replicating in the nucleus and RNA viruses replicating in the cytoplasm.
- Specific examples of viral replication processes include those of Adenoviridae, Herpesviridae, Coronaviridae, and Rhabdoviridae, among others.
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Description
This quiz provides an overview of viral structure, including their genetic makeup, protein coats, and classifications based on primary characteristics. It also covers viral replication processes and specific examples of viruses.
