Viral Life Cycle and Diseases Quiz

How a virus enters a host cell, either by fusion with the cell membrane or endocytosis into a vesicle.

The release of a virus's genetic material from its protein coat (capsid) inside the host cell.

The period where a virus replicates its genetic material and creates viral components inside a host cell, but no new viruses are assembled yet.

Virus uses host cell enzymes and machinery to copy its genetic material (DNA or RNA) and produce viral proteins.

The process of creating new virus particles (virions) from copied genetic material and proteins.

Newly formed viruses leave the host cell, via bursting (lysis) or gradual exit (budding).

A membranous layer surrounding the capsid of some viruses, often derived from the host cell's membrane.

Proteins embedded in a viral envelope that help viruses attach to and enter host cells.

Rinderpest historically caused widespread famine and social problems in areas where cattle rearing was common due to devastating consequences on livestock.

International efforts successfully eliminated rinderpest, with the last known case in 2003.

Newcastle disease in birds can cause coughing, sneezing, nasal discharge, and breathing difficulties.

Newcastle disease can also cause tremors, paralysis, neck twisting, and circling behavior in severe cases.

Newcastle disease in laying hens can temporarily reduce egg production and sometimes lead to eggs with abnormal shells.

Newcastle disease spreads quickly among birds through direct contact, contaminated items (feed, water, equipment), and fomites.

Prevention primarily involves vaccinations, quarantines, surveillance, and rapid responses to outbreaks.

While primarily affecting birds, some strains of Newcastle disease can infect humans.

A type of programmed cell death that doesn't involve caspases. It's characterized by cell swelling, membrane rupture, and release of intracellular contents, leading to inflammation.

Proteins involved in necroptosis. They trigger a cascade of events leading to cell swelling, membrane rupture, and cell lysis.

Techniques used to identify and characterize viral infections, helping doctors make informed decisions about treatment and infection control.

The benefit of virus diagnostics allowing early identification of infections, even before symptoms appear.

Virus diagnostics help determine the best treatment approach, be it antiviral medications, supportive care or vaccines.

Rapid identification of viruses allows for timely action to contain outbreaks and prevent further spread.

Virus diagnostics are crucial for monitoring viral diseases at local, national, and global levels.

Host cell surface molecule that allows viral attachment and entry.

The variety of species a virus can infect, determined by receptor presence.

Ability of a virus to infect specific cell types based on receptor presence.

Cell surface molecule that aids viral entry alongside the receptor.

Process where viruses enter host cells by using the cell's internalizing mechanisms.

Destruction of a host cell, leading to the release of viruses inside..

The first step of viral entry where the virus binds to host-cell receptors.

A molecular technique used to amplify DNA sequences, showing whether a virus's genetic material is present in a sample.

Short DNA sequences designed to bind to specific regions of the viral DNA, guiding the amplification process.

PCR tells us if a virus's genetic material is present in a sample, but not if the virus is infectious.

A type of PCR that measures the AMOUNT of viral DNA present in a sample.

A qPCR variation used for RNA viruses, where RNA is first converted to DNA before being amplified and quantified.

Proteins found on the surface of a virus that our immune system recognizes.

Detecting virus antigens helps us find the virus in tissues, especially when it's active.

In PCR, we know the virus's sequence to design primers, but it might not be infective.

A virus that affects livestock, primarily sheep and cattle, leading to reproductive disorders and congenital malformations in newborns.

SBV is primarily transmitted through the bites of biting midges, which act as vectors for the virus.

SBV can cause birth defects like arthrogryposis (joint deformities), hydranencephaly (fluid-filled brain), and brachygnathia (shortened jaw) in newborns.

The presence of viruses in the bloodstream of an infected animal.

SBV infection in livestock can cause abortion, stillbirths, and reduced milk production.

SBV is not a threat to humans, as it does not cause illness in people.

While SBV can cause mild illness in adult animals, it is not a long-term problem for them.

Vaccination is available for sheep, preventing them from getting infected with SBV.