30 Questions
Which of the following is a common feature of neurodegenerative disorders?
Selective loss of neurons with associated secondary changes in white matter tracts
What is a common characteristic of protein aggregates in neurodegenerative disorders?
They are resistant to degradation through the ubiquitin-proteasome system
Which neurocognitive disorder is characterized by impairment in activities of daily living (ADLs) and instrumental activities of daily living (IADLs)?
Major neurocognitive disorder
What is a distinguishing feature of instrumental activities of daily living (IADLs)?
They measure how well one can live independently
What defines early-stage neurocognitive disorder?
$ ext{Generalized, progressive impairment of cognitive function}$
Which type of dementia is characterized by the presence of Lewy bodies?
Lewy body dementia
What is a common finding in many neurodegenerative disorders?
Protein aggregates that are resistant to degradation through the ubiquitin-proteasome system.
Which of the following is true about major neurocognitive disorder?
Both ADLs and iADLs are affected
What is the most common cause of dementia in the elderly?
Alzheimer disease
What are the general pathological findings associated with Alzheimer disease?
Neurofibrillary tangles and beta-amyloid plaques
What is APP thought to be in the pathophysiology of Alzheimer disease?
A receptor for an unidentified ligand
Which genetic factors are associated with severe early-onset Alzheimer disease?
$Presenilin 1$ and $Presenilin 2$
"Aggregates of beta-amyloid are directly neurotoxic and also activate microglia and astrocytes, resulting in chronic inflammatory injury to neurons". What is the significance of this statement in the context of Alzheimer disease?
"Beta-amyloid aggregates contribute to the pathogenesis of Alzheimer disease"
"It is thought that accumulation of beta-amyloid is responsible for neurofibrillary tangles within neurons". What does this statement imply about the relationship between beta-amyloid and neurofibrillary tangles?
"Accumulation of beta-amyloid contributes to the formation of neurofibrillary tangles"
Which cognitive functions are primarily orchestrated by the prefrontal cortex?
Executive functions
What is a characteristic feature of Parkinson's disease dementia?
Visual hallucinations and fluctuating alertness
Which cognitive abilities are typically impaired in frontotemporal dementias?
Executive function and response inhibition
What distinguishes frontotemporal dementias from Alzheimer's disease?
Behavioral disinhibition and apathy
What is a common cause of vascular dementia?
Multiple small infarcts or hypertension affecting brain tissue
What distinguishes the clinical presentation of vascular dementia from Alzheimer's disease?
Depression and psychosis as prominent features
What does MMSE assess in terms of cognition?
Orientation, memory, concentration, and perceptual-motor skills
Which characteristics are typical of frontotemporal dementias?
Behavioural disinhibition and loss of empathy
What is a distinguishing feature of Lewy body dementia compared to frontotemporal dementias?
Presence of Lewy bodies
Which virus can migrate to the central nervous system and remain dormant?
HSV-1
What is the most common disorder of glucose metabolism?
Type II diabetes
What effect does insulin have on glucose storage and production?
Increases storage, decreases production
What is a consequence of insulin resistance in Alzheimer's disease pathophysiology?
Reduces synaptogenesis and normal neuronal physiology
What effect does long-term hyperglycemia have on insulin resistance?
Causes insulin resistance
What is a consequence of insulin resistance linked to elevated levels of free fatty acids?
Microglial activation and neuronal damage
Which disorder is characterized by slow development of impaired cognition and personality changes?
Alzheimer's disease (AD)
Study Notes
Insulin Resistance and Alzheimer's Disease
- Herpes viruses HSV-1, HHV-6, and HHV-7 can migrate to the central nervous system and remain dormant.
- In Alzheimer's patients, amyloid accumulation may lead to chronic inflammation instead of fighting viruses.
- Type II diabetes is the most common disorder of glucose metabolism.
- Diabetic patients develop resistance to insulin due to genetic and lifestyle factors.
- Insulin increases glucose storage, decreases new glucose production, and inhibits lipolysis.
- Insulin resistance is an important component of Alzheimer's disease (AD) pathophysiology.
- Insulin resistance reduces synaptogenesis and normal neuronal physiology.
- Insulin resistance increases proinflammatory cytokine levels, leading to glial activation and neuronal damage.
- Long-term hyperglycemia causes insulin resistance, affecting the blood-brain barrier and causing neuronal damage.
- Insulin resistance is linked to elevated levels of free fatty acids, causing microglial activation and neuronal damage.
- Alzheimer's disease is characterized by slow development of impaired cognition and personality changes.
- Dementia with Lewy bodies is a genetically-determined disorder with Parkinson-like movement symptoms and cognitive fluctuations.
Test your knowledge about the link between viral infections, such as herpes simplex virus (HSV-1), human herpesvirus 6 (HHV-6), and human herpesvirus 7 (HHV-7), and chronic conditions like Alzheimer's disease and type II diabetes.
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