Neuropathology 3 - Neurocognitive disorders
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Questions and Answers

Which of the following is a common feature of neurodegenerative disorders?

  • Selective loss of neurons with associated secondary changes in white matter tracts (correct)
  • Generalized increase in neuron count with no changes in white matter tracts
  • Rapid regeneration of neurons without any associated changes in white matter tracts
  • Random distribution of neuron loss without any impact on white matter tracts
  • What is a common characteristic of protein aggregates in neurodegenerative disorders?

  • They have no impact on neuronal function
  • They are easily degraded by the ubiquitin-proteasome system
  • They are only found in healthy neurons
  • They are resistant to degradation through the ubiquitin-proteasome system (correct)
  • Which neurocognitive disorder is characterized by impairment in activities of daily living (ADLs) and instrumental activities of daily living (IADLs)?

  • Mild neurocognitive disorder
  • Major neurocognitive disorder (correct)
  • Parkinson's disease dementia
  • Frontotemporal dementias
  • What is a distinguishing feature of instrumental activities of daily living (IADLs)?

    <p>They measure how well one can live independently</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What defines early-stage neurocognitive disorder?

    <p>$ ext{Generalized, progressive impairment of cognitive function}$</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of dementia is characterized by the presence of Lewy bodies?

    <p>Lewy body dementia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common finding in many neurodegenerative disorders?

    <p>Protein aggregates that are resistant to degradation through the ubiquitin-proteasome system.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is true about major neurocognitive disorder?

    <p>Both ADLs and iADLs are affected</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the most common cause of dementia in the elderly?

    <p>Alzheimer disease</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the general pathological findings associated with Alzheimer disease?

    <p>Neurofibrillary tangles and beta-amyloid plaques</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is APP thought to be in the pathophysiology of Alzheimer disease?

    <p>A receptor for an unidentified ligand</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which genetic factors are associated with severe early-onset Alzheimer disease?

    <p>$Presenilin 1$ and $Presenilin 2$</p> Signup and view all the answers

    "Aggregates of beta-amyloid are directly neurotoxic and also activate microglia and astrocytes, resulting in chronic inflammatory injury to neurons". What is the significance of this statement in the context of Alzheimer disease?

    <p>&quot;Beta-amyloid aggregates contribute to the pathogenesis of Alzheimer disease&quot;</p> Signup and view all the answers

    "It is thought that accumulation of beta-amyloid is responsible for neurofibrillary tangles within neurons". What does this statement imply about the relationship between beta-amyloid and neurofibrillary tangles?

    <p>&quot;Accumulation of beta-amyloid contributes to the formation of neurofibrillary tangles&quot;</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which cognitive functions are primarily orchestrated by the prefrontal cortex?

    <p>Executive functions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a characteristic feature of Parkinson's disease dementia?

    <p>Visual hallucinations and fluctuating alertness</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which cognitive abilities are typically impaired in frontotemporal dementias?

    <p>Executive function and response inhibition</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes frontotemporal dementias from Alzheimer's disease?

    <p>Behavioral disinhibition and apathy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common cause of vascular dementia?

    <p>Multiple small infarcts or hypertension affecting brain tissue</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes the clinical presentation of vascular dementia from Alzheimer's disease?

    <p>Depression and psychosis as prominent features</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does MMSE assess in terms of cognition?

    <p>Orientation, memory, concentration, and perceptual-motor skills</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which characteristics are typical of frontotemporal dementias?

    <p>Behavioural disinhibition and loss of empathy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a distinguishing feature of Lewy body dementia compared to frontotemporal dementias?

    <p>Presence of Lewy bodies</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which virus can migrate to the central nervous system and remain dormant?

    <p>HSV-1</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the most common disorder of glucose metabolism?

    <p>Type II diabetes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What effect does insulin have on glucose storage and production?

    <p>Increases storage, decreases production</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a consequence of insulin resistance in Alzheimer's disease pathophysiology?

    <p>Reduces synaptogenesis and normal neuronal physiology</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What effect does long-term hyperglycemia have on insulin resistance?

    <p>Causes insulin resistance</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a consequence of insulin resistance linked to elevated levels of free fatty acids?

    <p>Microglial activation and neuronal damage</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which disorder is characterized by slow development of impaired cognition and personality changes?

    <p>Alzheimer's disease (AD)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Insulin Resistance and Alzheimer's Disease

    • Herpes viruses HSV-1, HHV-6, and HHV-7 can migrate to the central nervous system and remain dormant.
    • In Alzheimer's patients, amyloid accumulation may lead to chronic inflammation instead of fighting viruses.
    • Type II diabetes is the most common disorder of glucose metabolism.
    • Diabetic patients develop resistance to insulin due to genetic and lifestyle factors.
    • Insulin increases glucose storage, decreases new glucose production, and inhibits lipolysis.
    • Insulin resistance is an important component of Alzheimer's disease (AD) pathophysiology.
    • Insulin resistance reduces synaptogenesis and normal neuronal physiology.
    • Insulin resistance increases proinflammatory cytokine levels, leading to glial activation and neuronal damage.
    • Long-term hyperglycemia causes insulin resistance, affecting the blood-brain barrier and causing neuronal damage.
    • Insulin resistance is linked to elevated levels of free fatty acids, causing microglial activation and neuronal damage.
    • Alzheimer's disease is characterized by slow development of impaired cognition and personality changes.
    • Dementia with Lewy bodies is a genetically-determined disorder with Parkinson-like movement symptoms and cognitive fluctuations.

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    Test your knowledge about the link between viral infections, such as herpes simplex virus (HSV-1), human herpesvirus 6 (HHV-6), and human herpesvirus 7 (HHV-7), and chronic conditions like Alzheimer's disease and type II diabetes.

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