Viral Immunity and Immunology
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Questions and Answers

What is premunition?

  • A type of immune response that eliminates the infection
  • A type of laboratory test used to diagnose parasites
  • A state of partial immunity acquired after a previous infection, where the individual remains persistently infected but asymptomatic or experiences milder symptoms (correct)
  • A state of complete immunity against parasites

    • What is concomitant immunity?

  • A type of laboratory test used to diagnose parasites
  • A state of effective anti-larval immunity coupled with persistent adult infection (correct)
  • A state of partial immunity acquired after a previous infection, where the individual remains persistently infected but asymptomatic or experiences milder symptoms
  • A type of immune response that eliminates the infection

    • What is a characteristic of premunition?

  • It is a type of immune response that eliminates the infection
  • It is a type of complete immunity
  • It is a relatively rapid, progressively acquired, short-lived, and partially effective type of immunity (correct)
  • It is a long-term immunity

    • What is the purpose of concomitant immunity?

    <p>To prevent disease progression</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do schistosomes absorb host molecules?

    <p>To their surfaces</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a type of laboratory test used to diagnose parasites?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of laboratory tests?

    <p>To diagnose parasites</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the outcome of premunition?

    <p>The individual remains persistently infected but asymptomatic or experiences milder symptoms</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the cause of premunition?

    <p>Not clearly understood</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the relationship between concomitant immunity and premunition?

    <p>They are two different types of immune responses</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Immune Response to Viral Infections

    • Generalized immunosuppression can be caused by viruses such as mumps, measles, EBV, CMV, and HIV
    • Antigenic variation is a mechanism used by viruses, such as influenza virus, to evade the immune system

    Immune Response to Bacterial Infections

    • Innate immunity involves complement activation, phagocytosis, and the inflammatory response
    • Acquired immune responses involve humoral mechanisms (antibodies) and cell-mediated immune responses
    • Extracellular bacteria replicate outside cells and induce inflammation, often with pus formation
    • Genetic variation can lead to the emergence of new strains or variants with altered virulence or drug resistance profiles

    Mechanisms of Immune Evasion

    • Capsular polysaccharides can prevent effective phagocytosis (e.g., S. pneumoniae)
    • Genetic variation of surface antigens can occur (e.g., Neisseria sp., E. coli)
    • Inhibition of complement activation can occur (many bacteria)
    • Production of IgA proteases can occur (e.g., Neisseria sp., S. pyogenes)

    Superantigens

    • Superantigens can activate a large proportion of T cells, leading to massive cytokine production and injurious effects

    Immune Response to Fungal Infections

    • Fungi can survive and replicate in cells, escaping antibody and complement
    • Induction of chronic infections can occur

    Immune Response to Protozoan Diseases

    • Both humoral and cell-mediated immune responses are involved in immunity to protozoan infections
    • Humoral antibody is effective against blood-borne stages of the protozoan life-cycle
    • Cell-mediated immunity is necessary once protozoans have infected host cells
    • Macrophages must be activated by T-cells to enhance killing mechanisms
    • Larger protozoa utilize antibody-mediated responses

    Immune Response to Malaria

    • Sporozoites are prevented from infecting liver cells through antibody-mediated response
    • Parasites in liver cells are mediated by CD4+ and CD8+ T-cells
    • Parasites inside RBCs are destroyed through Th1 cells producing IL-2 and IFN-γ
    • Th2 cells drive antibody production, blocking invasion of new RBCs and activating complement and destroying infected RBCs

    Immune Escape Mechanisms of Protozoans

    • Protozoans escape the immune response through mechanisms such as:
      • Constantly changing their surface antigenic coat (e.g., Trypanosoma brucei)
      • Sloughing off their glycoprotein coat after antibody binding
      • Absorbing host molecules to their surfaces (e.g., Schistosomes)

    Premunition and Concomitant Immunity

    • Premunition is a state of partial immunity acquired after a previous infection, where the individual remains persistently infected but asymptomatic or experiences milder symptoms
    • Concomitant immunity (CI) refers to a state of effective anti-larval immunity coupled with persistent adult infection

    Laboratory Tests

    • Laboratory tests can include bacteriological, parasitological, immunological, serological, and molecular diagnosis

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    Description

    This quiz covers the mechanisms of humoral and cell-mediated immune responses to viruses, including the effects of viruses on the immune system and antigenic variation.

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