Podcast
Questions and Answers
What is the leading cause of acute liver failure in the United States?
What is the leading cause of acute liver failure in the United States?
What is the percentage of acute liver failure cases in the United States caused by acetaminophen overdose?
What is the percentage of acute liver failure cases in the United States caused by acetaminophen overdose?
At what dose of acetaminophen may liver injury occur?
At what dose of acetaminophen may liver injury occur?
What are the initial symptoms of acute liver failure from acetaminophen overdose?
What are the initial symptoms of acute liver failure from acetaminophen overdose?
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What is the timeframe for the development of coagulopathy and encephalopathy in acute liver failure from acetaminophen overdose?
What is the timeframe for the development of coagulopathy and encephalopathy in acute liver failure from acetaminophen overdose?
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What causes the death of hepatocytes in acute liver failure?
What causes the death of hepatocytes in acute liver failure?
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What is the rare clinical syndrome resulting from severe impairment or necrosis of liver cells without preexisting liver disease or cirrhosis?
What is the rare clinical syndrome resulting from severe impairment or necrosis of liver cells without preexisting liver disease or cirrhosis?
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Which viral particle is involved in HBV infection?
Which viral particle is involved in HBV infection?
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What is a common risk factor for HBV exposure?
What is a common risk factor for HBV exposure?
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How is HCV diagnosed?
How is HCV diagnosed?
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What can HBV vaccine prevent?
What can HBV vaccine prevent?
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What type of virus is HDV?
What type of virus is HDV?
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What percentage of acute HBV infections develop into chronic infection?
What percentage of acute HBV infections develop into chronic infection?
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What is a major cause of chronic hepatitis, cirrhosis, and hepatocellular carcinoma?
What is a major cause of chronic hepatitis, cirrhosis, and hepatocellular carcinoma?
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What is the primary mode of transmission for Hepatitis A Virus (HAV)?
What is the primary mode of transmission for Hepatitis A Virus (HAV)?
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What is the incubation period for HAV?
What is the incubation period for HAV?
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What percentage of adults in urban areas have HAV antibodies in their blood?
What percentage of adults in urban areas have HAV antibodies in their blood?
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What is the primary mode of transmission for Hepatitis B Virus (HBV)?
What is the primary mode of transmission for Hepatitis B Virus (HBV)?
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What is the recommended early treatment for acetaminophen overdose to improve recovery chances?
What is the recommended early treatment for acetaminophen overdose to improve recovery chances?
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What are the symptoms of acute liver failure caused by acetaminophen overdose?
What are the symptoms of acute liver failure caused by acetaminophen overdose?
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What is the most contagious period for HAV?
What is the most contagious period for HAV?
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Which virus is most common in Asian and African countries and has animal reservoirs including domestic pigs, wild boars, deer, mongoose, and rabbits?
Which virus is most common in Asian and African countries and has animal reservoirs including domestic pigs, wild boars, deer, mongoose, and rabbits?
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Which virus is associated with acute liver failure and a high mortality rate, but complete recovery can occur?
Which virus is associated with acute liver failure and a high mortality rate, but complete recovery can occur?
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Which phase of acute viral hepatitis is characterized by hepatocellular destruction and intrahepatic bile stasis causing jaundice?
Which phase of acute viral hepatitis is characterized by hepatocellular destruction and intrahepatic bile stasis causing jaundice?
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Which type of hepatitis is associated with chronic active hepatitis?
Which type of hepatitis is associated with chronic active hepatitis?
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Which treatment is effective in about 25% of individuals with chronic HDV?
Which treatment is effective in about 25% of individuals with chronic HDV?
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Which virus has effective treatments of ribavirin and pegylated interferon?
Which virus has effective treatments of ribavirin and pegylated interferon?
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Which phase of hepatitis begins about 2 weeks after exposure and includes symptoms such as fatigue, anorexia, malaise, nausea, vomiting, headache, and low-grade fever?
Which phase of hepatitis begins about 2 weeks after exposure and includes symptoms such as fatigue, anorexia, malaise, nausea, vomiting, headache, and low-grade fever?
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Which virus causes the most severe damage and is associated with acute liver failure?
Which virus causes the most severe damage and is associated with acute liver failure?
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Which virus has a combined vaccine available with Hepatitis A Virus (HAV)?
Which virus has a combined vaccine available with Hepatitis A Virus (HAV)?
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Study Notes
Viral Hepatitis: Key Points
- Chronic HDV treatment includes pegylated interferon alpha and is effective in about 25% of individuals, with new treatments in clinical development.
- Hepatitis E Virus (HEV) is most common in Asian and African countries, transmitted by the fecal-oral route through contaminated water or uncooked meat, and has animal reservoirs including domestic pigs, wild boars, deer, mongoose, and rabbits.
- HEV is more prevalent among adults, with the highest mortality in pregnant women and immunosuppressed individuals, and diagnosis is based on detection of anti-HEV IgM, with effective treatments being ribavirin and pegylated interferon.
- Pathologic lesions of hepatitis are similar to those caused by other viral infections and include hepatic cell necrosis, scarring, Kupffer cell hyperplasia, and infiltration by mononuclear phagocytes, with regeneration of hepatic cells beginning within 48 hours of injury.
- Hepatitis B and C cause the most severe damage, with hepatitis B associated with acute liver failure and a high mortality rate, but complete recovery can occur.
- Clinical manifestations of viral hepatitis include nausea, malaise, abdominal pain, and jaundice, with the spectrum of manifestations ranging from absence of symptoms to fulminating hepatitis.
- Acute viral hepatitis causes abnormal liver function test results and consists of four phases: incubation, prodromal, icteric, and recovery phases.
- The prodromal phase of hepatitis begins about 2 weeks after exposure, with symptoms such as fatigue, anorexia, malaise, nausea, vomiting, headache, and low-grade fever, and about 10% of individuals may develop extrahepatic symptoms.
- The icteric phase begins about 1 to 2 weeks after the prodromal phase and lasts 2 to 6 weeks, with hepatocellular destruction and intrahepatic bile stasis causing jaundice.
- The recovery phase begins with resolution of jaundice, with most cases seeing liver function test results return to normal within 2 to 12 weeks after the onset of jaundice, while chronic active hepatitis is associated with HBV, HCV, and HDV infection.
- Diagnosis and treatment for different types of hepatitis viruses were previously described, with physical activity potentially being restricted and a low-fat, high-carbohydrate diet being beneficial if bile flow is obstructed.
- A combined vaccine for HAV and HBV is available, and hepatitis B immunoglobulin provides passive prophylactic immunity against HBV, while there should be no direct contact with blood or body fluids of individuals with hepatitis B or hepatitis C.
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Description
Test your knowledge of viral hepatitis with this informative quiz. Explore key points about different types of viral hepatitis, including transmission, clinical manifestations, diagnosis, treatment, and preventive measures.
