Viral Hepatitis Overview
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Viral Hepatitis Overview

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Questions and Answers

Which mode of transmission is NOT associated with Hepatitis B virus?

  • Consumption of contaminated food (correct)
  • Unprotected sexual contact
  • Sharing razors or toothbrushes
  • Needlestick injuries
  • What proportion of infected babies with Hepatitis B develops chronic hepatitis?

  • 75%
  • 25%
  • 90% (correct)
  • 50%
  • Which hepatitis virus is primarily spread through the faeco-oral route?

  • Hepatitis D
  • Hepatitis A (correct)
  • Hepatitis C
  • Hepatitis B
  • What is the primary prevention method for Hepatitis A?

    <p>Vaccination before travel</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which body fluid has the highest concentration of the hepatitis B virus?

    <p>Blood</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What should healthcare professionals do to minimize the risk of Hepatitis B infection?

    <p>Use universal precautions and wear PPE</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the duration of protection offered by the Hepatitis B vaccination following the completion of all doses?

    <p>More than 15 years, depending on the initial antibody response</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a treatment option for chronic Hepatitis C?

    <p>Direct acting antiviral medication for 8-12 weeks</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is vaccination against Hepatitis B important for individuals at increased risk?

    <p>It can lead to a significant immune response after sufficient doses.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the most effective time frame for administering Hepatitis B immunoglobulin after exposure?

    <p>48 hours after contact</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary route of transmission for hepatitis B?

    <p>Blood exposure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the incubation period for hepatitis B?

    <p>45 to 180 days</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement about chronic hepatitis B is true?

    <p>5% of infected individuals become chronic carriers.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How is immunity to hepatitis B typically achieved?

    <p>Development of Hepatitis B surface antibody</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the common symptoms of hepatitis B during the acute phase?

    <p>Flu-like symptoms including fever and jaundice</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which treatment is commonly used for chronic hepatitis B?

    <p>Weekly injections of Peginterferon alfa-2a</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a significant risk factor for seroconversion after a needlestick injury related to hepatitis B?

    <p>Vaccination status</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a potential consequence of a depressed immune system in relation to hepatitis B?

    <p>Higher likelihood of spontaneous reactivation of the virus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Viral Hepatitis Overview

    • Viral hepatitis is a viral infection of the liver.
    • Hepatitis viruses A, B, C, D, and E exist.
    • Hep A, B, and C are most relevant to dentistry.

    Hepatitis A

    • Caused by the hepatitis A virus.
    • Spread via the faecal-oral route (contaminated food/drinks).
    • Common in areas with poor sanitation.
    • Symptoms typically resolve within a few months.
    • No specific treatment; symptom relief is common.
    • Prevention through vaccination, especially before travel to high-risk areas.

    Hepatitis B

    • Caused by the hepatitis B virus (HBV).
    • Common worldwide.
    • Spread through blood (infected person's blood).
    • Vertical transmission (mother to child).
    • Transmission through unprotected sex, shared needles, razors, & toothbrushes.
    • 5% of infected individuals become chronic carriers.
    • Can lead to cirrhosis and liver cancer.
    • Can persist for years in children and cause liver damage.
    • 90% of infected infants develop chronic hepatitis.

    Hepatitis B - Body Fluid Concentration

    • Low/undetectable: Urine, faeces, sweat, tears, breast milk.
    • High: Blood, serum, wound exudates.
    • Moderate: Semen, vaginal fluid, saliva.

    Hepatitis B - Transmission

    • Highly infectious, more so than HIV.
    • Can survive outside the body for up to 7 days.
    • Spread through blood contact.
    • Not typically spread by casual contact (hugging, kissing).
    • After a needlestick injury, seroconversion risk is higher in unvaccinated individuals compared to those who are vaccinated. (1 in 3 vs 1 in 300 for HIV).

    Hepatitis B - Pathogenesis

    • Incubation period: 45-180 days (average 60 days).
    • Virus enters liver cells (hepatocytes).
    • Immune response to viral antigens triggers the clinical syndrome.
    • 5% become chronic carriers (high risk of hepatocellular carcinoma).
    • Hepatitis B surface antibody likely provides lifelong immunity.

    Hepatitis B - Symptoms

    • May be asymptomatic.
    • Symptoms (when present) appear 2-3 months after exposure.
    • Flu-like symptoms, tiredness, fever, aches, loss of appetite, nausea, diarrhoea, gastric pain, and jaundice.
    • Acute hepatitis B symptoms usually resolve in 1-3 months.
    • Chronic hepatitis B may last 6+ months.
    • Many people live with the virus unknowingly.

    Hepatitis B - Diagnosis

    • Blood testing (serological tests).
    • Hep B antigens indicate infection.
    • Hep B antibodies confirm recovery or immunity.
    • Virus may persist at low levels after recovery.
    • Reactivation is possible, especially in individuals with weakened immune systems.

    Hepatitis B - Treatment

    • Emergency care: Post-exposure treatment with Hep B vaccination & immunoglobulin.
    • Acute Hepatitis B: Rest, analgesia (pain relief), symptom relief (e.g., nausea medication).
    • Chronic Hepatitis B: Peginterferon alfa-2a (stimulates immune response), anti-viral medication (e.g., tenofovir or entecavir).

    Hepatitis B - Prevention and Treatment Continued

    • Prevention: Avoid unprotected sex, don't share needles, toothbrushes, or razors. Eat a healthy balanced diet & avoid alcohol.
    • Chronic hepatitis B patients may need extensive lifestyle changes.

    Hepatitis B - Prevention (Vaccination)

    • Vaccination recommended for those at increased risk of HBV infection.
    • 3 doses (0, 1, & 6 months).
    • Immune response: 50% after 1 dose, 95% after 3 doses.
    • Protection lasting >15 years. This depends on initial antibody response.

    Hepatitis B - Prevention (Other)

    • Hepatitis B immunoglobulin (HBIG): effective within 48 hours of exposure.
    • Screening of blood donors & blood/body fluid precautions.

    Hepatitis B - Remember!

    • HBV carries high mortality risk.
    • Healthcare professionals should be vaccinated.
    • Treat all patients as possible HBV carriers (universal precautions).
    • Always wear appropriate PPE (personal protective equipment).
    • Prevent needlestick injuries and report them immediately.

    Hepatitis C

    • Single-stranded RNA virus.
    • Pathogenesis, symptoms, and transmission routes similar to HBV, especially occupational transmission (needlestick injuries).
    • No vaccine available against Hepatitis C.
    • Chronic infections can cause cirrhosis, liver failure, and liver cancer.
    • Treatment: Direct-acting anti-viral medications (8-12 weeks).
    • Lifestyle changes (stop alcohol, healthy diet, exercise, stop smoking, don't share).

    Hepatitis D

    • Delta virus.
    • Only infects those with HBV.
    • Chronic D infections cause liver scarring (cirrhosis), and liver cancer.
    • Spread by contact with bodily fluids.

    Hepatitis E

    • RNA virus.
    • Transmitted by faecal-oral route, similar to Hepatitis A.
    • Vaccination available.

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    Viral Hepatitis - PDF

    Description

    Explore the essential facts about viral hepatitis, focusing on the types A, B, and C, especially in relation to dentistry. Understand the causes, transmission methods, symptoms, and preventive measures for these liver infections. This quiz provides valuable insights into the impact of hepatitis on public health and dental practice.

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