Viral Hepatitis Disease Summary
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Questions and Answers

What is the estimated percentage of the US population that has serologic evidence of a previous infection with HAV?

  • 30% (correct)
  • 40%
  • 10%
  • 20%

    • How is HBV usually transmitted?

  • Through casual contact with an infected person
  • Through respiratory droplets
  • By inoculation of infected blood or blood products, or by sexual contact (correct)
  • Through contaminated food and water

    • What is the risk of infection to an infant born to an HBV positive mother?

  • 85% (correct)
  • 20%
  • 50%
  • 70%

    • Which of the following bodily fluids has NOT been found to contain HBV?

    <p>Urine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the most common genotype of HCV in the US?

    <p>Genotype 1</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the current leading mode of transmission of HCV in the US?

    <p>IV drug use</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the risk of infection with HCV after an accidental needlestick?

    <p>2-3%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the risk of sexual or maternal neonatal transmission of HCV?

    <p>Low</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary characteristic of viral hepatitis?

    <p>Caused by at least 6 different strains of viruses</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a common symptom of viral hepatitis?

    <p>Rash</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary difference between acute and chronic viral hepatitis?

    <p>Duration of illness</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of viral hepatitis in terms of liver disease?

    <p>It is the primary cause of chronic liver disease and cirrhosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How is viral hepatitis often transmitted?

    <p>From person to person, including mother to infant</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the consequence of viral hepatitis on the immune system?

    <p>It weakens the immune system</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the consequence of viral hepatitis on the liver?

    <p>It destroys liver tissue and causes the liver to fail</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the long-term consequence of chronic viral hepatitis?

    <p>It leads to liver transplantation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary reason for edema in patients with liver failure?

    <p>Low serum concentrations of albumin and other proteins</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the consequence of impaired metabolism of estrogen in men with liver failure?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a unique feature of HBV infection?

    <p>Hives, arthritis, localized edema, and glomerulonephritis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which vitamin deficiency is associated with osteomalacia in patients with liver failure?

    <p>Vitamin D</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is often seen in peripheral blood smears of patients with VH?

    <p>Large, atypical lymphocytes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of impaired elimination of ammonia in patients with liver failure?

    <p>Hepatic encephalopathy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the consequence of reduced production of bile salts in patients with liver failure?

    <p>Impaired absorption of fats and fat-soluble vitamins</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the first antibody to appear in the blood in acute HBV infection?

    <p>IgM anti-HBcAg</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of abnormal processing of lipoproteins in patients with liver failure?

    <p>Dyslipidemia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a contraindication in patients with VH?

    <p>Strenuous physical exertion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the consequence of reduced synthesis of clotting factors in patients with liver failure?

    <p>Bleeding</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of HBeAg in HBV infection?

    <p>It is a marker for viral replication</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the most common complication of acute VH?

    <p>Chronic hepatitis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of impaired metabolism of cortisol and aldosterone in patients with liver failure?

    <p>Cushing syndrome and hyperaldosteronism</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a goal of antiviral therapy for HCV infection?

    <p>Complete eradication of the virus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of HCV RNA testing in patients with HCV infection?

    <p>It is used to confirm the presence of active HCV infection</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary goal of treatment against HCV infection?

    <p>Eradicating HCV</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a goal of treatment against HCV infection?

    <p>Curing glomerulonephritis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the approximate cost of treatment with peginterferon and ribavirin per year?

    <p>$15,000</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary treatment for acute hepatitis D?

    <p>Supportive</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary treatment for chronic hepatitis D?

    <p>Interferon-α</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary treatment for acute hepatitis E?

    <p>Supportive</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the treatment option for acute fulminant hepatitis with hepatic failure?

    <p>Liver transplantation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following hepatitis types has a more successful liver transplantation outcome?

    <p>Hepatitis C</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Viral Hepatitis

    • Viral hepatitis is a group of inflammatory liver conditions caused by at least 6 different viral strains.
    • Characterized by:
      • Low-grade fever
      • Fatigue
      • Jaundice
      • Hepatomegaly
      • Anorexia
      • Abdominal discomfort
      • Abnormal liver function
      • Light-colored stools
      • Dark urine
    • Each type of viral hepatitis differs in:
      • Modes of transmission
      • Incubation period
      • Clinical manifestations
      • Degree and persistence of liver injury
      • Ability to evolve into a carrier state
    • Acute viral hepatitis can last up to 6 months, while chronic viral hepatitis can last more than 6 months and often becomes a lifelong condition.

    Significance of Viral Hepatitis

    • Considered a preventable illness
    • Can cause:
      • Fatigue
      • Headache
      • Muscle aches
      • Nausea
      • Vomiting
      • Diarrhea
      • Liver tissue destruction and liver failure
      • Transmission from person to person, including mother to infant
      • Weakening of the body's immune system
      • Increased risk of liver cancer
      • Progression from acute to chronic disease

    Types of Viral Hepatitis

    • Hepatitis A (HAV)
      • Caused by a RNA virus
      • Transmitted through contaminated food and water
      • Incubation period: 2-6 weeks
      • Can cause acute liver failure
      • Approximately 30% of the US population has serologic evidence of past infection
    • Hepatitis B (HBV)
      • Caused by a DNA virus
      • Transmitted through blood, sexual contact, and mother-to-infant transmission
      • Incubation period: 2-6 months
      • Can cause chronic liver disease, cirrhosis, and liver cancer
      • 8 different genotypes (A-H) impact disease course and response to therapy
    • Hepatitis C (HCV)
      • Caused by an RNA virus
      • Transmitted through blood, sexual contact, and intranasal drug use
      • Incubation period: 2-6 months
      • Can cause chronic liver disease, cirrhosis, and liver cancer
      • At least 6 major genotypes identified

    Liver Failure and Complications

    • Liver failure can cause:
      • Bleeding
      • Low serum albumin and protein concentrations
      • Edema
      • Glucose intolerance
      • Bone disease (osteomalacia)
      • Feminization in males
      • Reduced protein synthesis
      • Decreased serum albumin and blood clotting factors
      • Impaired glycogenolysis and gluconeogenesis
      • Hypoglycemia
      • Abnormal processing of lipoproteins and steroid hormones
      • Impaired metabolism of endogenous steroid hormones and byproducts of protein metabolism
      • Decreased elimination of drugs and toxins

    Diagnosis and Treatment

    • Diagnosis through:
      • Blood tests (e.g., IgM anti-HBcAg, IgG anti-HBcAg, HBeAg, anti-HBeAg)
      • Liver function tests (e.g., AST, ALT, bilirubin, alkaline phosphatase)
      • HCV RNA testing (e.g., polymerase chain reaction)
    • Treatment goals:
      • Decrease viral replication or eradicate the virus
      • Prevent progression of the disease
      • Decrease the frequency of cirrhosis and liver cancer
      • Ameliorate symptoms
      • Relieve extrahepatic complications
    • Treatment options:
      • Interferons (e.g., peginterferon and ribavirin) for HCV
      • Lamivudine for HBV (ineffective against HBV/HDV co-infection)
      • Liver transplantation for acute fulminant hepatitis with hepatic failure

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    Description

    This quiz covers the definition and characteristics of viral hepatitis, a group of inflammatory liver conditions caused by different viral strains.

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