Viruses hard

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Questions and Answers

What is the primary factor influencing a virus's ability to attach to a host cell?

The availability of transcription factors

The timing of viral replication

The internal conditions of the virus

The presence of cellular receptors on the host cell (correct)

Which process describes how a virus enters a host cell after attachment?

Transcription

Osmosis

Endocytosis (correct)

Exocytosis

What does the eclipse period refer to in the context of viral replication?

The duration between infection and new virion production (correct)

The time taken for viruses to mutate

The period when viral components are assembled

The time viruses remain dormant in host cells

What might happen to the chances of viral spread during a longer eclipse period?

Decreased chances of dispersion Signup and view all the answers

What crucial requirement must be met for positive attachment of a virus to a host cell?

Presence of specific receptors on host cell Signup and view all the answers

Which statement accurately describes the characteristics of RNA viruses compared to DNA viruses?

RNA viruses have all possible combinations of nucleic acid types. Signup and view all the answers

What is meant by viral tropism?

The specific type of cells a virus can productively infect. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following virus classifications includes the influenza virus?

Single-stranded RNA virus Signup and view all the answers

What characteristic is shared by all viruses mentioned in the content?

All can exhibit high mutation rates. Signup and view all the answers

Which type of viral symmetry does the herpes virus exhibit?

Icosahedral symmetry Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the eclipse phase during viral infection?

It is a time when the virus cannot be detected. Signup and view all the answers

Which process describes the direct fusion of the viral envelope with the host cell membrane?

Fusion Signup and view all the answers

Which step directly follows the uncoating of a virus?

Transcription of mRNA Signup and view all the answers

What role do non-structural proteins play in a virus?

They are enzymes needed for viral replication. Signup and view all the answers

Where can viral assembly occur within a host cell?

In the cytoplasm or at the plasma membrane Signup and view all the answers

What is the outcome of lytic replication?

Host cells die and release new viral particles. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following accurately describes the role of mRNA in the viral life cycle?

It codes for the synthesis of enzymes for early replication steps. Signup and view all the answers

What primary function does the capsid serve for a virus?

To protect the virus and introduce its genome into the host cell Signup and view all the answers

In what way do viruses differ from bacteria regarding their ability to reproduce?

Viruses can only multiply inside living host cells Signup and view all the answers

What does a virus lacking an envelope refer to?

A naked virus Signup and view all the answers

What component of a virus is responsible for its classification based on symmetry?

The arrangement of capsomeres Signup and view all the answers

What is the approximate size range of most viruses?

10-100 nm Signup and view all the answers

Which nucleic acid type can viruses contain?

RNA or DNA, but never both Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following structures would you find in a virus with an envelope?

Lipid bilayer of lipoproteins and glycoproteins Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of the viral envelope during the infection process?

It facilitates the virus's ability to invade host cells Signup and view all the answers

During which viral structure formation does symmetry play a vital role?

Arrangement of the capsid Signup and view all the answers

Where do viruses predominantly exist compared to the number of stars in the universe?

In the oceans and other environments on Earth Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Viral Entry and Replication

Viral entry requires cellular receptors on the host cell's surface. The virus must fit these receptors to bind.
The time between infection and the production of new virions (eclipse or latent period) varies greatly, from 3 hours to several months. Longer eclipse periods increase the chance of viral spread.
Viral replication steps may be merged or omitted in some viruses.

Viral Replication Stages

Adsorption/Attachment: The virus particle attaches to specific receptors on the host cell. Firm attachment requires the presence of these receptors on the host plasma membrane.
Penetration: The virus or its genome enters the host cell. This occurs through endocytosis, fusion (direct fusion of viral envelope and host cell membrane), or translocation (non-enveloped viruses passing directly through the host membrane).
Uncoating/Eclipse: After penetration, there is a period where the virus cannot be detected (a pause in infectivity). The lipid membrane and protein capsid are removed, freeing the viral nucleic acid.
Transcription: mRNA is synthesized, coding for enzymes needed for viral replication. The virus uses existing cellular structures for replication, potentially integrating into the host DNA.
Synthesis of Viral Components: Viral proteins are synthesized. These are categorized as structural (part of the virion structure) or non-structural (enzymes).
Assembly: Viral components assemble into new virions. Assembly can occur in the nucleus, cytoplasm, or at the plasma membrane.
Release: In lytic replication, the host cell dies and releases new virions. In lysogenic replication, the host cell survives.

Viral Structure

Capsid: A protein coat surrounding the viral nucleic acid, offering protection and symmetry. The capsid is composed of capsomeres.
Envelope: A lipid bilayer surrounding some viruses, containing lipoproteins and glycoproteins.
Genome: The virus's genetic material (RNA or DNA, but never both). RNA viruses tend to have higher mutation rates than DNA viruses.
Enzymes: Some viruses contain enzymes that play a crucial role in the infection process.
Size: Viruses are small (10-100 nm), approximately 1/10 the size of bacteria.
Obligate intracellular parasites: Viruses can only replicate within a living host cell.

Viral Symmetry

Icosahedral: The most stable symmetry, with 20 faces, 30 edges, and 12 corners. Many human pathogenic viruses have this symmetry.
Filamentous/Helical: Linear, thin, thread-like appearance; rod-shaped.
Head-tail: A hybrid between icosahedral and filamentous structures.

Viral Classification

Classification considers symmetry (icosahedral, helical, or complex) and nucleic acid type (DNA or RNA, single-stranded or double-stranded).

Viral Tropism and Persistence

Viral tropism: A virus's ability to infect specific cells, tissues, or host species. Some viruses have broad tropism, while others are highly specific.
Viral persistence: The virus is not cleared but remains in the host (e.g., HIV, Epstein-Barr virus, Hepatitis B virus). This can involve periods of active and silent infection.
Viral latency: The ability of a virus to lie dormant within a cell. This is characteristic of lysogenic replication. Latent and chronic infections are different.

Relevant Viruses

The notes mention HIV, Hepatitis B, Varicella-zoster, Herpes, and Influenza viruses, suggesting further study of these viruses is needed, including their symmetry and nucleic acid classification. A table for completion is suggested. Several other viruses are included in a table for completion. Additional information on common viruses relevant to dentistry is also noted.

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Description

Explore the essential steps of viral entry and replication in this informative quiz. Learn about the roles of cellular receptors, the eclipse period, and the various stages of viral replication, including adsorption, penetration, and uncoating. Perfect for biology students and enthusiasts looking to deepen their understanding of virology.