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Questions and Answers
What is the first step in the viral infection process?
Which method is NOT a way through which a virus can penetrate the host cell?
What factor is crucial for the Adsorption step of viral infection?
What can influence the duration of the eclipse period during viral infection?
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What is the role of cellular receptors in viral entry?
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What is the primary role of the eclipse phase in viral replication?
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Which of the following accurately describes translocation in viral infection?
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During which stage of viral replication does the synthesis of mRNA occur?
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What are the two types of viral proteins synthesized during the replication process?
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Where does viral assembly most commonly occur within a host cell?
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What is the outcome of lytic replication in viral infections?
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What is the function of the mRNA synthesized during viral replication?
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What type of nucleic acid can viruses have?
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Which statement accurately describes the mutation rates of RNA and DNA viruses?
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What is viral tropism?
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Which of the following is NOT a feature of RNA viruses?
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Which virus is classified as a retrovirus?
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What is the primary characteristic that differentiates viruses from bacteria?
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What component forms the protein shell of a virus?
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Which of the following represents a method by which viruses replicate within a host?
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What term describes the ability of a virus to infect a specific type of host cell?
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Which type of virus contains a single-stranded RNA genome?
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What structural feature do prions lack compared to viruses?
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Which of these components consist of protein subunits arranged to form a structure in viruses?
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Which of the following statements about viral persistence is accurate?
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How do some viruses acquire an external membrane envelope?
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Which is a feature associated with DNA viruses?
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Study Notes
Viral Entry and Replication
- Viral entry depends on the presence of cellular receptors that permit viral entry.
- Transcription factor availability influences viral replication.
- Cellular receptors on the cell surface allow viruses to attach to the cell.
- Viral replication and dissemination vary; some steps may be merged or omitted.
- The eclipse period (time between infection and new virion production) can range from 3 hours to several months.
Stages of Viral Replication
- Adsorption/Attachment: Virus particle attaches to specific host cell receptors. Firm attachment requires the presence of receptors on the host plasma membrane.
- Penetration: Viral genome enters the host cell via endocytosis, fusion, or translocation.
- Uncoating/Eclipse: A period where the virus is undetectable; the viral lipid membrane and protein capsid are removed, freeing the nucleic acid.
- Transcription: mRNA is synthesized, coding for enzymes needed for viral replication; the virus utilizes host cell structures.
- Synthesis of Viral Components: Viral proteins (structural and non-structural enzymes) are synthesized.
- Assembly: Viral nucleic acid is incorporated into capsomeres, forming new virions. Assembly can occur in the nucleus, cytoplasm, or at the plasma membrane.
- Release: Lytic replication results in host cell death and virus release; lysogenic replication allows the host cell to continue functioning.
Viral Structure and Classification
- Viruses are smaller than bacteria and are obligate intracellular parasites.
- Viral structure consists of a DNA or RNA genome inside a protein shell (capsid); some have an envelope.
- Viruses vary in shape, genome type, and host range.
- Viral genomes can be DNA or RNA, single-stranded or double-stranded. RNA viruses generally have higher mutation rates than DNA viruses. DNA viruses tend to be more stable than RNA viruses.
- Capsid structure: Morphologically similar subunits (capsomeres) arrange precisely to create the capsid. Each capsomere is composed of protomers. Shapes include icosahedral, filamentous, and head-tail.
Viral Tropism and Persistence
- Viral tropism refers to a virus's ability to infect specific cells, tissues, or host species. Some viruses have broad tropism.
- Viral persistence involves the virus remaining in the host for extended periods, potentially with periods of both silent and productive infection.
- Viral latency is the ability of a virus to remain dormant within a cell. This is distinct from chronic infection. Examples include HIV, Herpes, and Epstein-Barr virus.
Relevant Dental Viruses
- The text notes that HIV, Hepatitis B, Varicella-Zoster, Herpes, and Influenza viruses will be covered in further detail. A table for completing information regarding various viruses and associated diseases is mentioned, but the table is not provided in the text.
Prions (briefly mentioned)
- The text mentions prions but does not discuss them in detail.
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Description
Explore the crucial stages of viral entry and replication, focusing on the role of cellular receptors and the process of viral genome penetration. This quiz covers key concepts such as adsorption, uncoating, and the eclipse period, crucial for understanding viral behavior. Test your knowledge on the mechanisms that allow viruses to infect host cells.
