36 Questions
What is the main goal of an encounter between the police and a citizen according to the text?
To de-escalate the situation without anyone getting injured
What was the homicide rate in 1963 in the United States?
4.6 per 100,000 population
Which program was part of the Boston Gun Project and was implemented in the 1990s?
Project Ceasefire
According to a 1995 analysis, who committed the most homicides in Boston?
Gang members with prior records
What is the primary focus of British police officers when dealing with suspects?
Verbal de-escalation and patience
What do Scottish officers use to handle incidents involving individuals with knives or other edged weapons?
Clear plastic shields
What technique do Scottish squad cars employ for protection?
Projecting calm and defending themselves
What training model are Scottish officers trained in?
National Decision Model
What is the primary focus of Manchester police officers when considering actions?
Threat and legality
How do Scottish officers handle individuals in dangerous situations?
Talking them down and keeping distance
What was the goal of Project Ceasefire in Boston?
To reduce youth homicides
How did Project Ceasefire employ a carrot-and-stick approach?
By offering mentoring and employment opportunities while also informing potential offenders of strict penalties for violent crimes
What were the outcomes of the Ceasefire intervention in Boston?
Two years without a juvenile homicide and a 63 percent reduction in youth homicides
Which city adopted the Boston model of Ceasefire and produced similar results?
Minneapolis
What was one of the key strategies of Chicago Ceasefire based on a public health approach?
Interrupting local conflicts through mediation
How did Ceasefire in Chicago aim to prevent violence?
By employing outreach workers to change the behavior of high-risk youth
What was a challenge faced by Ceasefire in Chicago?
Underfunding and geographical limitations
What were the outcomes of Ceasefire's response to shootings or killings in Chicago?
Responding to 190 shootings or killings and mediating 383 conflicts
What was the focus of recruit training according to the PERF survey?
Firearms and defensive tactics
What did the 1989 U.S. Supreme Court ruling in Graham v. Connor set the standard for?
Use of force by officers
What is the primary guide for officers as the Graham v. Connor ruling did not provide specific guidance on the options an officer may use against a threat?
Use-Of-Force Continuum
What should officers evaluate before using force, according to the text?
Whether the person is an immediate threat and consider verbal engagement
What administrative reforms have reduced police violence in cities like New York?
Forbidding warning shots and thoroughly investigating police shootings
What were Crisis Intervention Teams (CIT) created to do in the 1980s?
Reduce violence by using verbal de-escalation and avoiding confrontations
What techniques are included in Crisis Intervention Teams (CIT) training?
Approaching the individual in a non-threatening manner, giving time to vent, speaking calmly, and establishing trust
How did the Seattle Police Department trained in CIT respond to incidents involving disorderly, belligerent, suicidal, or armed individuals?
Using force in only 51 (2%) of these cases
What is the main focus of Chicago's violence reduction strategy?
Targeting specific individuals in smaller groups
What did the study find about the people fatally shot by police in the US from 2015 to 2017?
25% were unarmed
Which approach has been shown to have a large and highly significant impact on crime reduction?
Focused deterrence approach
What is the main reason behind much police training focusing on use of firearms?
High number of fatal shootings
How much did the recent research show that being in a violent network increases the likelihood of being a victim?
900%
What percentage of Chicago homicides are gang-related?
50-60%
What was the budget for Project Ceasfire in FY2005?
$5 million
What happened to large gangs like the Gangster Disciples?
They splintered into smaller groups
What do recent studies suggest about the impact of focused deterrence on crime reduction?
Largest effect on crime reduction out of 7 categories analyzed.
What does the 'heat list' or Strategic Subject List consist of?
Specific individuals who are more likely to be involved in violent crimes.
Study Notes
- Project Ceasfire had 120 workers and a budget over $5 million in FY2005 (Chicago Project For Violence Prevention, 2007; Shute, 2006)
- Chicago attempted to reduce homicides by focusing on high-risk individuals and offering social services (Gorner, 2013)
- Police created a "heat list" of 400 individuals, later expanded to 1,400 on the Strategic Subject List, who were 500 times more likely to be involved in violent crimes
- Recent research shows that being in a violent network increases the likelihood of being a victim by 900% (Papachristos, Wildeman, Roberto, 2015)
- Around 50-60% of Chicago homicides are gang-related, but large gangs like the Gangster Disciples no longer exist, they splintered into smaller groups
- Chicago's violence reduction strategy now targets specific individuals in smaller groups
- A study found that one-quarter of people fatally shot by police in the US from 2015 to 2017 showed signs of mental illness, one-quarter were fleeing, and one-tenth were unarmed (Sullivan et al., 2018; Tate et al., 2018; Kindy et al., 2015, 2015)
- Much police training focuses on use of firearms, leading to a high number of fatal shootings
- Focused deterrence approach has been shown to have large and highly significant impact on crime reduction (Telep and Weisburd, 2016)
- The Boston Gun Project was found to be compelling (National Research Council, undated)
- Evidence-based review found that focused deterrence had the largest effect on crime reduction out of 7 categories analyzed (Telep and Weisburd, 2016)
Test your knowledge about violence prevention organizations and their initiatives, including the history and impact of Project Ceasefire and its evolution into Cure Violence.
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