Vigilancia en Salud Pública

Vigilancia en Salud Pública

• Recolección de datos: Systematic and continuous data collection, analysis, and interpretation are crucial for health planning, execution, and evaluation. (CDC model)
• Proceso continuo: A continuous, systematic process for collecting data, analyzing it, and using the insights in planning, implementing, and evaluating public health measures. (Thacker, 1988)
• Actualización continua: Continuous updating of disease behavior knowledge and patterns within a country, region, or locality.
• Detección de cambios: Identifying or predicting shifts in disease patterns from changing conditions.
• Susceptibilidad y riesgo: Assessing population susceptibility and risk to health problems for monitoring.
• Planificación y prestación de servicios: Supporting the planning and provision of health services.
• Implementación y evaluación: Support for the planning, implementation, and evaluation of public health actions.
• Investigación en salud: Support for health research initiatives.
• Difusión de la información: Sharing of information effectively.

Intervenciones y Medidas de Prevención

• Intervenciones: Strategies and actions for preventing and controlling health problems.
• Prevención 1°: Targeting population characteristics and conditions for prevention.
• Prevención 2°: Modifying health risks by identifying and mitigating factors related to existing conditions.
• Prevención 3°: Managing or treating health problems to reduce further complications.

Magntiud y Gravedad de los problemas de Salud

• Número de afectados: The overall number of people affected by a particular health issue.
• Mortalidad y morbilidad: Death rates and illness rates, including premature mortality.
• Calidad de vida: The degree to which a person experiences life's facets positively. Any loss is noted as negative impacts.
• Consecuencias socioeconómicas: Significant socio-economic implications that a health problem might cause or exacerbate.
• Factibilidad de prevención y control: Assessing the feasibility of implementing preventative and control measures.
• Grupos preocupados/impactados: Identifying groups of people within affected communities.
• Aumento de problemas: Any increase in problem severity observed.
• Objetivo sanitario: Specific health goal.
• GES: (Grupo de Elaboración de Normas de Salud)

Etapas y Actividades del Sistema de Vigilancia

• Recolección de datos: Data gathering involving operational guidelines, detection and classification of cases, and data validation.
• Análisis de datos: Consolidating gathered data and analyzing basic epidemiological variables.
• Interpretación de datos: Comparing data with previous data and including local variables to help interpret health situation.
• Difusión de la información: Developing and disseminating materials to share information with various decision-making levels.

Etapas de la Prueba Piloto

• Marco legal: Legal framework for the study.
• Objetivos: Specific aims of the study.
• Definición de caso: The standardized criteria to define or categorize cases.
• Tipo de Vigilancia: Describing the type of surveillance study.
• Uso análisis e interpretación: Using data analysis.
• Prueba Piloto: The stage of trying out procedures.
• Fuente/recolección de datos: Source and method of getting data
• Plan análisis: Analysis plan for the data.
• Mecanismo o difusión: Means of spreading the findings or information.

Sistemas y Registros de Vigilancia

• SVE de carácter universal/basado en revisión de registros institucionales/de carácter centinela: Specific types of surveillance systems.
• SVE por encuestas/SVE basado en muestras (casos o ambientales): Additional specific surveillance system types.
• Listas de Enfermedades: List of potential diseases.

Enfermedades Infecciosas

• Listas de Enfermedades: List of possible diseases.
• Causas de enfermedad Factors that might lead to health problems.
• Evolución natural de la enfermedad: Stages and progression of a disease.
• Cadena de infección: Factors linking illness development.
• Virus emergentes: Recent emergence of new viruses.

Nivel de Enfermedad

• Nivel endémico/epidémica/casos aislados: Describing the scope and spread of illness.

Etapas y Actividades de vigilancia

• Actividades: Detailed action items for each stage.
• Responsabilidad: Determining who is in charge of what.
• Etapas: Steps or stages in the process.

Sistemas Asociados a Registros

• Epidemia de viruela: History of smallpox epidemic.
• Código Sanitario de Chile: Chile's Sanitary Code.
• Declaración Obligatoria: Diseases requiring compulsory reporting.
• Creación de Sistemas de Salud: Establishment/modification of health systems.
• Notificación Obligatoria: Diseases requiring compulsory reporting.
• Propuesta Modelo de Vigilancia: Model for surveillance proposal.
• Objetivos Sanitarios: Health-related goals.

Características de vigilancia para Enfermedades

• Magnitud: Aspects like incidence and mortality are highlighted.
• Gravedad: Factors such as fatality rates, severity, and associated costs are stressed.
• Posibilidad de Prevención: Emphasis on preventable disease types.
• Transmisibilidad: High transmissibility of specific contagious diseases is noted.
• Meta Específica: Goals for specific prevention/control programs are emphasized.
• Acción Significativa en Salud Pública: Large-scale implications for public health are included.

Vigilancia de Enfermedades Transmisibles

• Vigilancia de la Morbilidad: Monitoring of disease occurrence.
• Vigilancia de la Enfermedad: Monitoring disease occurrence.
• Vigilancia de Laboratorios: Surveillance involving laboratory work.
• Agentes Inexplicables: Monitoring aspects related to unidentified agents.
• Vigilancia Ambiental: Surveillance focusing on environmental conditions.
• Control de Alimentos: Surveillance related to foodborne illnesses.
• Zoonosis: Monitoring diseases that can be transmitted to humans from animals.

Red de Laboratorios

• Retroalimentación (feedback): Process involving information exchange between different components.
• ISP: Instituto de Salud Pública (Public Health Institute).
• MINSAL: Ministerio de Salud (Ministry of Health).
• SEREMI: Secretary for regional health.
• Establecimientos Asistenciales: Hospitals and similar institutions.

Enfermedades Infecciosas Especificadas

• List of specific communicable diseases.

Características de los modelos de vigilancia

• Emphasizing how to use samples of potential informants in surveillance programs appropriately.

Enfermedades Agudas y Crónicas

• Características: Features associated with these types of diseases.
• Principales causas: Identifying primary causes.
• Factores de riesgo: Factors associated with disease development, and prevention methods.
• Grupos vulnerables: Assessing vulnerable groups related to specific illnesses.

Vigilancia de Enfermedades Específicas

• Enfermedades de notificación obligatoria: Overview of diseases needing mandatory reporting.

Vigilancia de Enfermedades No Transmisibles

• Enfermedades Crónicas No Transmisibles (ENT): Specific focus on non-communicable illnesses.

Objetivo y Contribuciones del Sistema de Vigilancia

• Mayor Calidad de Vida y Salud: Impact goal on improving community health.
• Información Significativa: Data use in the planning and evaluation of policies.
• Factores de Riesgo: Important data related to risk assessment.

Este cuestionario aborda la importancia de la vigilancia en salud pública, enfocándose en la recolección de datos, la identificación de cambios en patrones de enfermedades y la evaluación de riesgos. Los conceptos se basan en modelos establecidos y destacan la necesidad de una actualización continua para mejorar la planificación y prestación de servicios de salud.