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Questions and Answers
What is a specific indication for performing cystocentesis?
Which of the following is a contraindication for cystocentesis?
Which color electrode is placed for the right front leg during electrode placement?
What is the purpose of using a urinary catheter?
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What factors should be considered when evaluating an ECG reading?
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Which situation is likely to cause inaccurate pulse oximeter readings?
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What is a common complication associated with urinary catheterization?
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What instrument is used to monitor end-tidal CO2 during controlled ventilation?
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What artifact may cause a sawtooth appearance in an ECG baseline?
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What should be done to improve ECG readings affected by a wandering baseline?
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When positioning an animal for cystocentesis, which position is typically used?
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In which scenario would an ECG of young animals typically differ from older animals?
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What should be done before estimating the length of the urinary catheter for a male dog?
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What is a potential risk of hypoventilation when using a capnograph?
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Which environmental factor could exacerbate tremors leading to ECG artifacts?
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During electrode placement, where should the white electrode be clipped?
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What might indicate the need for careful monitoring during an ECG procedure?
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Which method can improve ECG readings that are obscured by artifacts?
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Which animal condition can lead to lower ECG amplitude readings?
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What is a common procedure that should ensure proper electrode placement?
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What is the first step in preparing for urinary catheterization of a female dog?
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When inserting a urinary catheter into the male cat, which angle should the catheter be inserted at?
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Which substance is used for lubrication before catheter insertion in the female dog?
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What is a potential complication of urinary catheterization?
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What should be done if no urine appears during catheterization?
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When performing an IV catheterization, what angle should the catheter be inserted at?
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What is an appropriate procedure for preparing a clipped area for IV catheterization?
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Which method is used to ensure the catheter is correctly placed in the vein during IV catheterization?
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What is the purpose of flushing the IV catheter with saline after insertion?
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How should the end of the catheter be handled after insertion during IV catheterization?
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What is an indication for performing a cystocentesis?
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Which of the following is a contraindication for cystocentesis?
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What is the correct electrode placement for monitoring end-tidal CO2 during ventilation?
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What is a common complication of urinary catheterization?
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Which of the following techniques is crucial for proper urinary catheter placement?
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What is considered a critical factor to monitor during anesthesia concerning respiratory rate?
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What is a primary indicator for the use of urinary catheters in male and female dogs?
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What is a key technique for electrode placement during monitoring?
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What should be done if a patient shows signs of discomfort during urinary catheterization?
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Which of the following values can be monitored using a capnometer?
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Study Notes
Pulse Oximeter
- Measures oxygen saturation in the blood
- Readings may be inaccurate in the presence of carboxyhemoglobin and methemoglobin
- Reduced signal can be caused by poor perfusion, movement, and cold temperatures
ECG/ EKG
- Normal parameters may vary depending on the animal, age, species, body size and how excited the animal is
- Young animals may have faster rates and shorter intervals
- Athletes may have slower rates and longer intervals
- Leaner animals may have higher amplitudes while obese animals may have lower amplitudes
- Feline rates are faster, intervals are shorter and amplitudes are lower than dogs
- Artifacts can cause abnormal ECG readings
- Improper grounding can cause a sawtooth appearance
- Tremor can produce an irregular, rapid sawtooth vibration
- Electrode misplacement can cause a wandering baseline
- ECG lead placement:
- White: Right front leg
- Black: Left front leg
- Green: Right hind leg
- Red: Left hind leg
Capnograph
- Measures end-tidal carbon dioxide
- Useful for controlled ventilation
- Inaccurate in cases of hypoventilation
Cystocentesis
- Used to collect urine samples
- Specific indications include hematuria, dysuria, pyuria, distention of the bladder
- Potential complications include rupture of bladder, minimal hemorrhage
- Contraindications include bleeding disorders, potential pyometra or prostatic abscess, bladder cancer, and urinary outflow obstruction
- Performed on the ventral abdomen cranial to the pubis
- Patient is restrained in dorsal or lateral recumbency or standing
Urinary Catheters
- Used to collect urine, administer medication, provide closed continuous drainage, and relieve urethral obstructions
- Potential complications include trauma to urethra or urinary bladder, urinary tract infections
Urethral Catheterization Male Dog
- Materials needed: cotton, chlorhexidine or povidine-iodine surgical scrub, sterile surgeon's gloves, sterile urinary catheter, sterile lubricating jelly, container for urine
- Procedure:
- Cleanse area around prepuce using surgical scrub
- Select appropriate size catheter
- Wash hands and glove
- Examine catheter for flaws
- Estimate length of catheter needed
- Place dog in lateral recumbency and abduct upper rear leg
- Retract prepuce to expose distal 1-2" of glans penis
- Cleanse glans penis with mild soap
- Lubricate end of catheter and insert into urethral orifice at distal end of glans penis
- Advance catheter into urinary bladder
- Collect urine sample
Urethral Catheterization of Female Dog
- Procedure:
- Prepare patient in standing position, move tail to one side
- Insert lubricated sterile tuberculin syringe without needle containing 0.3 ml topical ophthalmic solution or 0.5% lidocaine approximately 1.5 to 2" into the vagina and instill anesthesia
- Lubricate the vaginal speculum and end of catheter
- Insert speculum into vagina with tip of speculum directed first dorsally and then cranially
- Introduce catheter into urethral orifice through catheter
- Aspirate urine if no urine appears
Urethral Catheterization of Male Cat
- Visual technique
IV Catheterization
- Preparation:
- Wash hands
- Clip hair from carpus to elbow and around
- Prepare clipped area for surgery
- Select two catheters of appropriate diameter and length, and one smaller
- Open catheter but leave in the cap
- Remove the back of the catheter and place in sterile area
- Have an assistant distend the vein with blood
- Hold catheter so bevel of the stylet is up
- Insert at a 15 degree angle to skin
- Note flashback
- Advance catheter into vein
- Insert the cap you set aside
- Ask assistant to release vein but not leg
- Secure catheter with tape
- Swap out the cap with the male adapter port
- Flush with saline
IV Catheterization: Purposes
- Administer fluids
- Administer medications
- Draw blood samples
- Provide a route for blood transfusions
IV Catheterization: Complications
- Phlebitis: Inflammation of a vein
- Thrombosis: Formation of a blood clot
- Infection: Contamination of the catheter site
IV Catheterization: Recommended Catheters for Accessible Veins
- Butterfly needle: For short term use due to fragile nature
- Over the needle catheters: Can be left in place for a longer period of time
IV Catheterization: Why Winged Infusion Set is Not Left in Place for Long Term Use
- It is fragile and prone to movement
- May cause injury to the vessel wall
IV Catheterization: Why Leg Should be Cleaned of Blood Outside the Catheter
- Prevents the spread of infection
- Reduces the risk of phlebitis
IV Catheterization: How Often Fluid Administration Set Should be Changed
- Every 72 hours to prevent bacterial growth
IV Catheterization: Flushing Heparinized Saline When Not on Continuous Fluid Administration
- Helps to prevent clotting within the catheter
- Maintain patency of the catheter
IV Catheterization: Commonly Used Veins for Dogs
- Cephalic vein
- Jugular vein
- Saphenous vein
IV Catheterization: Commonly Used Veins for Cats
- Cephalic vein
- Jugular vein
- Lateral saphenous vein
IV Catheterization: Two Main Types of Fluids
- Crystalloids:
- Lactated Ringer's solution: Used for fluid replacement to correct dehydration and electrolyte imbalances
- Normal saline: Used to replace fluids and electrolytes
- Colloids:
- Hetastarch: Used to increase blood volume and improve blood pressure
IV Catheterization: How Long Can a Catheter Stay in Place?
- 72 hours or longer with proper care
IV Catheterization: Number of Catheters Needed on Your Tray
- 2 catheters of different sizes
IV Catheterization: Equipment Needed for Your Tray
- Catheters
- Syringes
- Saline solution
- Alcohol swabs
- Sterile gloves
- Tape
- Bandage scissors
IV Catheterization: Preventative Measures
- Use aseptic technique when placing and maintaining the catheter
- Flush the catheter with saline solution regularly
- Secure the catheter tightly to the patient
- Monitor the catheter site for signs of inflammation, infection, or thrombosis
- Do not use the same equipment repeatedly
Urinary Catheters: Available Options for Male and Female Cats and Dogs
- Male:
- Red rubber
- Polypropylene
- Silicone
- Female:
- Red rubber
- Silicone
Normal TPRs for Dogs and Cats
- Dogs:
- Temperature: 100.5 - 102.5°F (38 - 39°C)
- Pulse: 60-160 bpm
- Respiration: 10-30 bpm
- Cats:
- Temperature: 100.5 - 102.5°F (38 - 39°C)
- Pulse: 140 - 220 bpm
- Respiration: 16-40 bpm
When Noting Respiratory Rate What Else Should You Observe
- Effort of breathing: Is it easy or labored?
- Pattern of breathing: Is it regular or irregular?
- Sound of breathing: Is it normal or are there any abnormal noises (wheezing, coughing, etc.)?
Recovery Time is Dependent on Factors
- Type of surgery
- Age and health of the patient
- Pain management
- Home care instructions
Mucus Membranes of a Dog in Shock
- Pale or white
- Dry
- Capillary refill time is delayed (more than 2 seconds)
Anesthetic Emergency
- Anything that puts the patient's life in danger:
- Apnea
- Cardiac arrest
- Hypothermia
- Seizures
Monitoring Device Readings
- Heart rate
- Respiratory rate
- Pulse oximetry (oxygen saturation)
- Blood pressure
- Temperature
- Capnography (end tidal CO2)
- Electrocardiogram (ECG)
- Pulse quality
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Description
Test your knowledge on pulse oximetry and ECG interpretation in veterinary medicine. This quiz covers the specifics of measuring oxygen saturation and analyzing normal and abnormal ECG readings across different animal species. Understand how various factors affect the readings and the importance of proper equipment use.
