Veterinary Reproductive and Health Management

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Questions and Answers

What is a common diagnostic method for Infectious Bronchitis in poultry?

Serology (correct)

X-ray

CT scan

Ultrasound

Antibiotics are used as a primary treatment for Infectious Bronchitis in poultry.

False

Name one method used to mimic the fetal signal for termination of pregnancy.

corticosteroids

The __________ is a test that evaluates the activity of the hypothalamic-gonadal axis.

GnRH stimulation test Signup and view all the answers

Match the following terms with their definitions:

Chimerism = Organism with cells derived from multiple zygotes True hermaphrodite = Histological evidence of both ovarian and testicular tissue Male pseudohermaphrodite = XY with recognizable testes Bovine Freemartinism = Condition arising from chimerism in cattle Signup and view all the answers

In the context of vaccination, what factor must be considered regarding disease?

Disease prevalence Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following conditions is characterized by incomplete descent of the testis?

Cryptorchidism Signup and view all the answers

Short-acting drugs are recommended to minimize anesthesia risks for Caesarean sections in cats and dogs.

True Signup and view all the answers

The __________ surge triggered by GnRH induces ovulation.

LH Signup and view all the answers

Sertoli cell tumours are almost always malignant.

False Signup and view all the answers

What type of tumour is primarily associated with the ovary and includes granulosa cell tumours?

Sex cord-stromal tumours Signup and view all the answers

The condition known as __________ involves the inflammation of the prostate.

prostatitis Signup and view all the answers

Match the following testicular neoplasms with their characteristics:

Seminoma = Derived from spermatogonia Sertoli cell tumour = Often benign, associated with retained testes Interstitial (Leydig) cell tumour = Most common testicular neoplasm Prostatic carcinoma = Common in older dogs with possible metastasis Signup and view all the answers

What is the most common cause of prostatic disease?

Hyperplasia Signup and view all the answers

Brucella ovis is a non-notifiable cause of epididymitis.

False Signup and view all the answers

Name one factor that can contribute to testicular atrophy after puberty.

Infections Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Infectious Bronchitis

A common poultry disease with no specific treatment
Antibiotics are used for co-infection with bacteria.
Vaccination is key for prevention.
Common in backyard birds.

Immunocontraception

Technique using vaccinations against key reproductive proteins.
Zona pellucida vaccines are effective in a range of animals but have limited efficacy in carnivores.
Anti-GnRH vaccines are effective for both males and females.

Pseudopregnancy Termination

Progesterone antagonist drugs block progesterone to end pregnancy.
Prostaglandin F2α and prolactin (PRL) inhibitors can terminate luteal function.
Corticosteroids mimic fetal signals, triggering termination.

Progestogen Effects

Progestogens can cause mammary enlargement and endometrial proliferation, increasing histotroph production.

Anaesthesia for Caesarean Section: Minimising Risks

Use drugs with short duration of action.
Administer the lowest possible dose.
Provide oxygen and intubate with a cuff, elevate the head.
Use opioids and local anaesthetics to reduce MAC.
Carefully position the dam to prevent regurgitation and CVC compression.
Monitor arterial blood pressure and administer fluids.

Gonadotrophin Releasing Hormone (GnRH)

Short-term effects include triggering ovulation, speeding up cyclicity, and inducing oestrus.
Used in cow synchronization protocols to "force" ovulation and luteinization.
Used to test the activity of the hypothalamic-gonadal axis, known as the GnRH stimulation test.

General Vaccination Considerations

Follow BSAVA guidelines for vaccinations.
Consider age, pregnancy status, maternal immunity, and disease prevalence.
Choose between attenuated, inactivated, live, and live-vectored vaccines.
Be aware of potential side effects, milk and meat withdrawal, handling difficulties, and timing in relation to competition and pregnancy.

Sexual Development Stages

The Y chromosome's sex-determining region (SRY) gene is the key determinant of male development.
Embryonic gonadal tissue undergoes modelling.
Different parts of genital tissues regress or grow, establishing the genital phenotype.

Cranio-Caudal Stifle View

Results in magnification due to the difficulty in positioning the stifle close to the table.
Requires rotation for optimal visualization.

Chimerism

An organism derived from two or more zygotes.
Bovine freemartins are an example of chimerism.

True Hermaphrodite

Often with XX chromosomes.
Exhibits histological evidence of ovarian and testicular tissue.
Ambiguous external and internal genitalia.

Male Pseudohermaphrodite

Possesses XY chromosomes.
Recognizable testes, but with incomplete masculinization.
Ambiguous external and internal genitalia.

Female Pseudohermaphrodite

Possesses XX chromosomes.
Feminine internal genitalia, but masculinised external genitalia.

Karyotype

A visual representation of all chromosomes in a cell, arranged in pairs.

Pathology of the Ovary

Includes ovotestis, ovarian/paraovarian cysts, and neoplasms.

Female Reproductive Neoplasms

Include sex cord-stromal tumors (granulosa cell tumors, thecoma, and luteoma), tumors of the surface epithelium, and germ cell tumors (often benign teratomas).

Sex Cord-Stromal Tumors

The granulosa cell tumor is typically non-malignant.

Mammary Tumors

Benign mammary tumors and mammary carcinomas are common in small animals.

Cryptorchidism

Incomplete descent of the testes.
Can occur between the kidney and the inguinal canal.
Often associated with hypoplasia.
Increased risk of tumor development.

Testicular Hypoplasia

Either congenital or occurring before puberty.
Caused by factors like nutrition, zinc deficiency, genetics, and endocrine disorders.

Testicular Atrophy

Occurs after puberty.
Caused by infections, elevated scrotal temperature, reduced testicular blood supply, vitamin A/zinc deficiencies, and hyperoestrogenism.

Epididymitis

Notifiable cause: Brucella ovis.

Testicular Neoplasia

Most common in older dogs, less so in horses.
Includes seminoma, interstitial (Leydig) tumor, and Sertoli cell tumor (mostly benign).

Seminoma

Derived from spermatogonia.
Second most common in dogs, most common in stallions.
Causes swelling and pain.
Gross appearance: cream bulging mass.

Sertoli Cell Tumor

Third most common testicular tumor.
50% occur in retained testes.
Solid, white, lobulated mass.
Testicular enlargement.
Color: white to brown, fibrous, with cysts.
Approximately 1/3 secrete estrogen, leading to feminization.

Interstitial (Leydig) Cell Tumor

Most common testicular tumor type.
Gross appearance: single or multiple spherical, tan to orange, or hemorrhagic.
No enlargement of the testis.

Prostatic Disease

Main types: hyperplasia, inflammation (prostatitis), and neoplasia.
Other: cysts, squamous metaplasia.

Prostatic Hyperplasia

Affects older intact dogs.
Causes constipation and urinary stasis.
Gross appearance: bilaterally symmetrical enlargement.
Castration causes atrophy.

Prostatitis

Primarily caused by ascending bacterial infection.
Gross appearance: asymmetrical enlargement, potentially with abscesses.

Prostatic Carcinoma

Affects older dogs.
Castration is neither preventative nor curative.
Asymmetry with mild enlargement.
Microscopy: haphazardly glandular cells invading interstitium.
Common metastasis.
Clinical signs: constipation, urinary stasis, cachexia, and locomotor abnormalities.

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Description

Explore key concepts related to poultry diseases and reproductive techniques in animals. This quiz covers topics from infectious bronchitis prevention to immunocontraception and effective anesthesia practices during caesarean sections. Test your knowledge on these essential aspects of veterinary medicine.