Podcast
Questions and Answers
What factor does NOT influence the distribution of a drug in the body?
What factor does NOT influence the distribution of a drug in the body?
- Local temperature (correct)
- Blood flow
- Transport mechanisms
- Physicochemical characteristics of the drug
Which statement correctly describes unbound (free) drug?
Which statement correctly describes unbound (free) drug?
- It has no effect on the body
- It binds to proteins in the blood
- It is always inactive
- It can distribute into tissues (correct)
What genetic factor can affect drug distribution and individual variation in drug response?
What genetic factor can affect drug distribution and individual variation in drug response?
- Changes in body mass index
- Mutations in P-glycoprotein transporters (correct)
- Variations in liver enzymes
- Altered kidney function
Which compartment is initially involved in drug distribution?
Which compartment is initially involved in drug distribution?
Which one of the following could potentially limit drug distribution into a specific tissue?
Which one of the following could potentially limit drug distribution into a specific tissue?
Which of the following is NOT a component of phase 1 or phase 2 drug metabolism?
Which of the following is NOT a component of phase 1 or phase 2 drug metabolism?
How does a genetic mutation in the MDR-1 gene affect drug treatment for cancer?
How does a genetic mutation in the MDR-1 gene affect drug treatment for cancer?
What is the primary consequence of drug metabolism in the body?
What is the primary consequence of drug metabolism in the body?
What is the primary route of drug elimination in the body?
What is the primary route of drug elimination in the body?
Which of the following processes does NOT contribute to drug elimination by the kidneys?
Which of the following processes does NOT contribute to drug elimination by the kidneys?
How can drug metabolites excreted in bile affect the body?
How can drug metabolites excreted in bile affect the body?
What effect does urinary pH have on drug elimination?
What effect does urinary pH have on drug elimination?
Which of the following species has a renal portal system that affects drug elimination?
Which of the following species has a renal portal system that affects drug elimination?
Which of the following is NOT a method of drug elimination mentioned?
Which of the following is NOT a method of drug elimination mentioned?
What should be considered when treating a patient with chronic kidney disease regarding drug dosing?
What should be considered when treating a patient with chronic kidney disease regarding drug dosing?
What impact does high reabsorption of water from avian excreta have?
What impact does high reabsorption of water from avian excreta have?
Which of the following is NOT a common route of drug administration in veterinary medicine?
Which of the following is NOT a common route of drug administration in veterinary medicine?
What factor does NOT influence the choice of drug administration route?
What factor does NOT influence the choice of drug administration route?
What role does absorption play in the pharmacokinetic process?
What role does absorption play in the pharmacokinetic process?
Which barrier is specifically mentioned as a restriction in drug distribution?
Which barrier is specifically mentioned as a restriction in drug distribution?
In the pharmacokinetic process, what is the primary purpose of metabolism?
In the pharmacokinetic process, what is the primary purpose of metabolism?
Which of the following statements about drug elimination is true?
Which of the following statements about drug elimination is true?
Phase 1 metabolic reactions typically involve which of the following?
Phase 1 metabolic reactions typically involve which of the following?
Species differences in pharmacokinetics can significantly affect which aspect of drug use?
Species differences in pharmacokinetics can significantly affect which aspect of drug use?
What is the primary role of cytochrome P450 enzymes in drug metabolism?
What is the primary role of cytochrome P450 enzymes in drug metabolism?
Which of the following best describes Phase 1 reactions in drug metabolism?
Which of the following best describes Phase 1 reactions in drug metabolism?
How do Phase 2 reactions differ from Phase 1 reactions in drug metabolism?
How do Phase 2 reactions differ from Phase 1 reactions in drug metabolism?
What characterizes lipophilic drugs in relation to kidney excretion?
What characterizes lipophilic drugs in relation to kidney excretion?
What type of transformation does biotransformation refer to?
What type of transformation does biotransformation refer to?
What is the primary factor influencing the route of drug administration in veterinary medicine?
What is the primary factor influencing the route of drug administration in veterinary medicine?
What is the common outcome of Phase 2 reactions for most drugs?
What is the common outcome of Phase 2 reactions for most drugs?
Which of the following factors does NOT influence drug uptake?
Which of the following factors does NOT influence drug uptake?
Which of the following groups is commonly inserted during Phase 2 reactions?
Which of the following groups is commonly inserted during Phase 2 reactions?
What process allows a drug to move from its site of administration into systemic circulation?
What process allows a drug to move from its site of administration into systemic circulation?
What role does molecular size play in drug uptake?
What role does molecular size play in drug uptake?
What is a potential effect of drug metabolites on biological systems?
What is a potential effect of drug metabolites on biological systems?
Which anatomic barrier significantly restricts drug distribution?
Which anatomic barrier significantly restricts drug distribution?
Which factor does NOT directly affect drug distribution?
Which factor does NOT directly affect drug distribution?
What is one of the main biological factors affecting drug absorption?
What is one of the main biological factors affecting drug absorption?
Which route of drug administration is generally considered the fastest?
Which route of drug administration is generally considered the fastest?
What is a significant reason why paracetamol should not be given to cats?
What is a significant reason why paracetamol should not be given to cats?
What is described as the process that alters the action and/or kinetics of a drug?
What is described as the process that alters the action and/or kinetics of a drug?
What could be a consequence of first-pass metabolism when administering drugs orally?
What could be a consequence of first-pass metabolism when administering drugs orally?
In Snowy's case, what is likely to happen to the plasma levels of cyclosporine when treated with ketoconazole?
In Snowy's case, what is likely to happen to the plasma levels of cyclosporine when treated with ketoconazole?
Which of the following best describes drug elimination?
Which of the following best describes drug elimination?
Which factor is NOT associated with first-pass metabolism?
Which factor is NOT associated with first-pass metabolism?
Why might higher doses be required when a drug is given orally?
Why might higher doses be required when a drug is given orally?
How does a fungal infection in Snowy affect the treatment with cyclosporine?
How does a fungal infection in Snowy affect the treatment with cyclosporine?
Flashcards
Drug absorption
Drug absorption
Process by which a drug moves from its administration site to the bloodstream.
Drug distribution
Drug distribution
Movement of a drug from the bloodstream to other body tissues and organs.
Drug metabolism
Drug metabolism
Chemical breakdown of the drug by enzymes (mostly in the liver and intestines).
Drug elimination
Drug elimination
Signup and view all the flashcards
ADME
ADME
Signup and view all the flashcards
Common routes of drug administration in veterinary medicine
Common routes of drug administration in veterinary medicine
Signup and view all the flashcards
Factors influencing the choice of drug administration route
Factors influencing the choice of drug administration route
Signup and view all the flashcards
Drug absorption in detail
Drug absorption in detail
Signup and view all the flashcards
Central compartment
Central compartment
Signup and view all the flashcards
Peripheral compartments
Peripheral compartments
Signup and view all the flashcards
Individual variation in drug response
Individual variation in drug response
Signup and view all the flashcards
P-glycoprotein (P-gp)
P-glycoprotein (P-gp)
Signup and view all the flashcards
Phase 1 metabolism
Phase 1 metabolism
Signup and view all the flashcards
Phase 2 metabolism
Phase 2 metabolism
Signup and view all the flashcards
Cytochrome P450 enzymes (CYP450)
Cytochrome P450 enzymes (CYP450)
Signup and view all the flashcards
Phase 1 metabolism (catabolic)
Phase 1 metabolism (catabolic)
Signup and view all the flashcards
Phase 2 metabolism (anabolic)
Phase 2 metabolism (anabolic)
Signup and view all the flashcards
Drug metabolism rate
Drug metabolism rate
Signup and view all the flashcards
Species differences in drug metabolism
Species differences in drug metabolism
Signup and view all the flashcards
Renal excretion
Renal excretion
Signup and view all the flashcards
Drug Interaction
Drug Interaction
Signup and view all the flashcards
First-Pass Metabolism
First-Pass Metabolism
Signup and view all the flashcards
Glucuronidation
Glucuronidation
Signup and view all the flashcards
Renal elimination
Renal elimination
Signup and view all the flashcards
Alternative drug elimination routes
Alternative drug elimination routes
Signup and view all the flashcards
Enterohepatic circulation
Enterohepatic circulation
Signup and view all the flashcards
Urine pH and drug elimination
Urine pH and drug elimination
Signup and view all the flashcards
Drug elimination in birds & reptiles
Drug elimination in birds & reptiles
Signup and view all the flashcards
Drug duration and elimination
Drug duration and elimination
Signup and view all the flashcards
Renal function & drug dosage
Renal function & drug dosage
Signup and view all the flashcards
Absorption
Absorption
Signup and view all the flashcards
Distribution
Distribution
Signup and view all the flashcards
Metabolism
Metabolism
Signup and view all the flashcards
Elimination
Elimination
Signup and view all the flashcards
Study Notes
ADME (Absorption, Distribution, Metabolism, Elimination)
- Absorption is the process where a drug moves from its site of administration to the systemic circulation.
- Drugs cross cell membranes (lipid bilayers) using passive diffusion, solute carrier-mediated transport or diffusion through aqueous pores.
- Factors affecting drug uptake include chemical properties (e.g., solubility, size, ionization), and biological factors (e.g., vascularity, local blood flow, pH, enzymes).
- The most common routes of administration in veterinary medicine are oral, intravenous, intramuscular, subcutaneous, and topical.
- Species differences, disease state, mentation state, practicality and safety, desired speed of onset, type of disease (local or systemic), and cost influence choice of route.
Drug Distribution
- Drug distribution is the reversible movement of a drug between tissues, organs, and compartments.
- Drugs are distributed throughout the body via bulk flow in the blood; the gaps between vascular endothelial cells let drugs with a molecular weight of less than 1000 Da to leave blood vessels.
- The blood-brain barrier and placenta have tightly-connected junctions that prevent penetration by harmful substances.
- Drug distribution can be affected by reversible protein binding in the plasma; only unbound (free) drug is able to distribute to tissues.
- Drug distribution occurs initially in a central compartment (plasma and highly perfused tissues) before moving to peripheral tissues.
- Local pH, blood flow, transport mechanisms, disease processes, and protein binding affect distribution.
- Individual variation in drug response can differ based on genetic mutations affecting P-glycoprotein transporters which change the concentration and distribution of drugs.
Drug Metabolism
- Drug metabolism is the chemical transformation of a drug to one or more products in the body.
- Polar drugs can be eliminated unchanged through the kidneys.
- Lipophilic drugs must be metabolised to more polar products in order to be eliminated.
- Liver cytochrome P450 (CYP450) enzymes are primarily responsible for drug metabolism.
- Drug metabolism involves two types of reactions:
- Phase 1 reactions (catabolic) - introduce a reactive group (e.g., hydroxyl, oxydation, reduction)
- Phase 2 reactions (anabolic) - involve conjugation (attach a polar group like glucuronic acid) to make drug more excretable and less active.
- Species differences in drug metabolism can cause drug effects to be different.
- First-pass metabolism is the metabolism of a drug by gut and liver enzymes before it enters systemic circulation, dramatically decreasing the bioavailability of an orally administered drug.
Drug Elimination
- Drug elimination is the irreversible removal of a drug from the body through metabolic and/or excretory processes.
- Kidneys are a main route for drug elimination, and renal function greatly affects plasma concentrations and duration of action.
- Drug elimination can also occur in the digestive tract (biliary excretion), exhaled air (volatile anaesthetics), milk, sweat, tears, and saliva.
- Species differences in elimination routes such as renal portal systems, or high water reabsorption in avians can exist.
- Drug elimination can follow enterohepatic recycling (reabsorption from the gut after excretion in bile).
- Drug interactions can affect elimination processes, by competing for the same elimination pathways.
Studying That Suits You
Use AI to generate personalized quizzes and flashcards to suit your learning preferences.
Related Documents
Description
This quiz focuses on the fundamental principles of ADME (Absorption, Distribution, Metabolism, Elimination) in veterinary pharmacology. It covers how drugs are absorbed into the systemic circulation and the factors affecting their uptake, along with the mechanisms of distribution within the body. Participants will also explore the common routes of drug administration and their implications in different species.
